考研英语真题与答案解析.docx

考研英语真题与答案解析.docx

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考研英语真题与答案解析

2009年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案

SectionI  UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1  thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2  toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3  bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4    innotbeingtooterrificallybright.

  Intelligence,it5   out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6   thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7   —insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8 .

  Isthereanadaptivevalueto9   intelligence?

That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10   atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11   ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12  themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.

  Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13  onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14  ,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15 animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16  thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17 ,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.  18 ,theywouldhopetostudya19  question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

20  theresultsareinconclusive.

1.[A]Suppose  [B]Consider  [C]Observe   [D]Imagine

2.[A]tended   [B]feared  [C]happened   [D]threatened

3.[A]thinner   [B]stabler    [C]lighter    [D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency  [B]advantage    [C]inclination    [D]priority

5.[A]insistson   [B]sumsup   [C]turnsout    [D]putsforward

6.[A]off      [B]behind    [C]over    [D]along

7.[A]incredible   [B]spontaneous  [C]inevitable    [D]gradual

8.[A]fight    [B]doubt   [C]stop      [D]think

9.[A]invisible   [B]limited    [C]indefinite     [D]different

10.[A]upward  [B]forward   [C]afterward     [D]backward

11.[A]features   [B]influences   [C]results     [D]costs

12.[A]outside   [B]on      [C]by        [D]across

13.[A]deliver  [B]carry    [C]  perform    [D]apply

14.[A]bychance  [B]incontrast   [C]asusual      [D]forinstance

15.[A]if      [B]unless   [C]as         [D]lest

16.[A]moderate  [B]overcome   [C]determine     [D]reach

17.[A]at        [B]for       [C]after      [D]with

18.[A]Aboveall   [B]Afterall   [C]However     [D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental  [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent       [D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident  [B]Intime    [C]Sofar     [D]Betterstill

 SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

 Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing        

A.casual      B.familiar    C.mechanical   D.changeable.

22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe       

A.predicted   B.regulated   C.traced       D.guided

23.”ruts”（inlineone,paragraph3）hasclosestmeaningto      

A.tracks      B.series      C.characteristics D.connections

24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting       ?

A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed

B,nolongeremphasizescommonness

C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat

A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind

B.innovativenesscouldbetaught

C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas

D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds

 Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting. AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

 Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

 Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.

[A]easyavailability

 [B]flexibilityinpricing 

[C]successfulpromotion

 [D]popularitywithhouseholds

27.PTKisusedto__________.

[A]locateone’sbirthplace

[B]promotegeneticresearch

[C]identifyparent-childkinship

[D]choosechildrenforadoption

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.

[A]tracedistantancestors       

[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation       

[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.

[A]disorganizeddatacollection 

[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.

[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting     

[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems

[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab   

[D]liesbehindDNAtesting

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthe