大连海事博士一外期末考试复习资料Word文档格式.docx

大连海事博士一外期末考试复习资料Word文档格式.docx

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thewrittenassignmentisrecordedinthePatentandTrademarkOffice.Onceapatentisgranted,itisoutofthejurisdictionofthePatentandTrademarkOffice.

6、Asarulethemerits,values,andanydeductiveapplicationsarenotallowedintheabstract.InthesectionofClaims,theauthor’snameshouldnotappear,andthereshouldbenoabbreviationsofitemnames（e.g.,4340Steel）,noranyambiguousexpressionssuchas“considerablylight,”

7、Astrongtrademarkconsistsofawordthathasnorecognizablemeaning,suchasKodak.

8、Weaktrademarksconsistofacommonword,suchasPremier,orawordthatsuggestssomecharacteristicsoftheproduct,suchasWet'

nWash.

9、Standards,asetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment,areactuallyakindofdocumentsoflegalnature,whichhavetobeabidedbymanufacturesandappliedtoindustrialproducts,andtheirpartsandcomponents,rawmaterials,technologicalprocesses,experimentalapproaches,qualityofproductsandmeasurements,etc.

10、Trademarks,alsocalledbrandnames,provideaneasywaytodeterminewhomakesacertainproduct.Theyhelpconsumersidentifybrandstheylikedinthepastsotheycanpurchasethemagain.Atrademarkrepresentsthemanufacturer'

sreputation,calledgoodwill.

11、Atrademarkcanbesoldorassignedwhenthecompanythatownsitissold.Itcanalsobelicensedtootherstouseaslongasquality-controlprovisionsareineffect.Mostfast-foodoutletsorotherfranchisedbusinessesarelicensedtousethetrademarkoftheparentcompany.

12、Theownerofcopyrighthastheexclusiverighttoreproduceaprotectedwork;

prepareotherworksbasedontheprotectedwork;

sell,rent,orlendcopiesoftheprotectedworktothepublic;

performprotectedworksinpublic;

anddisplaycopyrightedworkspublicly.

13、Thistypeofpropertyisunusualbecauseitisnormallyintendedforpublicuseorenjoyment.Ifanindividualbuysacopyrightedbookitbelongstohim/herasanobject.Butmakingcopiesofittosellorgiveawayisillegal.Thisrightbelongstothepublisher,author,orwhoeverholdsthecopyright.Ifsomeonewantstocopyallorpartofabook,anapplicationforpermissionmustbemadetothecopyrightowner,whoprobablywillrequirepaymentofafee.

14、Copyrightisaformofprotectionprovidedbythelawtotheauthorsof“originalworksofauthorship,”includingliterary,dramatic,musical,artistic,andcertainotherintellectualworks.Thisprotectionisavailabletobothpublishedandunpublishedworks.

15、Copyrightisalegalprotectionextendedtothosewhoproducecreativeworks.Originallyonlyforbooks,copyrightnowextendstomagazines,newspapers,advertisements,maps,plays,motionpictures,televisionprograms,computerprogramsoftware,paintings,photographs,sculpture,musicalcompositions,choreographeddances,soundrecordings,andcomputersoftwareprogramsandsimilarworks.Essentiallyacopyrightprotectsanintellectualorartisticproperty.

16、Copyrightlawforbidsunauthorizedduplicationordistributionofcomputerprograms.

17、Ownersofacopyrightmaytransfertheircopyrighttosomeoneelsethroughawrittencontract.

18、Unintentionalinfringementisalsoillegalbutmaybetreatedlessharshlybythecourtthanintentionalinfringement.Willfullyviolatingacopyrightisacriminaloffense.

19、Forexample,teachersmaymakealimitednumberofcopiesofacopyrightedworkforclassroomuse.Archivesandlibrariesmaymakeonecopyofacopyrightedwork,buttheymaynotregularlyreproducesingleormultiplecopiesofsuchawork.

20、thetenderauthoritywillsendacompletesetofinquirydocuments,knownalsoas“tenderdocuments”or“bidpackage”,tothefirmonshortlist.

21、Inthefollowingcase,tenderdocumentsarefree.Alimitednumberofsetsoftenderdocuments–specifications,drawings,andtermsandconditions–aresometimesmadeavailabletogovernmentagenciesfreeofcharge.

22、Considerablepreparatoryworkonthepartofbiddersisinvolvedandasthetimeallowedforthesubmissionoftendersisfrequentlyshort,youcouldrunupheavycostsdispatchingthedocumentsbyexpressmailtomakesuretheygetthereintime.

23、Inquirydocumentsusuallyincludetheletterofinvitationtotender,instructionstotenderers,conditionsofcontract,specification,scheduleofadditionalinformation,drawings,billofquantities,informationdata,andtheformoftendersappendices.

24、Aninformalsuggestionoffersanideaandbrieflydiscussesitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.

25、Asemiformalproposalpresentsideasforresolvingaproblemorimprovingasituation,evaluatesthemagainstcertaincriteria,andoftenrecommendswhatactionshouldbetaken.

26、Aformalproposaldescribesanorganization’splansforcarryingoutalargeprojectforamajorclient,suchasthegovernment.

27、Normally,200wordsareasensiblemaximumforarelativelylongpaperorreport,butnevermorethan500words;

50–100wordsmaysufficeforashortarticle.Thelengthofanabstractvariesdependingonthelengthofthepaperandtheplacewhereitappears:

eachjournaland/orabstractingindexhasadifferentrequirement.Asageneralrule,anabstractwillbeapproximately3–5%ofthelengthofthepaper,butisseldommorethan2/3dsofapage.

28、Thisdescriptiveabstracthasseveraldesirablequalities:

itisshortandself-contained;

itprovideskeyinformationelements;

anditservesasaminiaturetableofcontents.

29、Aninformationalorinformativeabstracthighlightsthefindingsandresults,brieflybutquantitatively.Itisacondensedversionoftheresearchwork,withoutdiscussionorinterpretation.

30、Aninformational-indicativeabstractoffersfewerdetails,givingemphasistotheauthor'

schiefcontributioninstead.

31、Researchmethods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analysis,results,andothersignificantinformationwillbeprovidedinthispart.Thesesupportingsentences,therefore,canbetakenasthe“mainbody”ofanabstract.

32、Areportmaybemadebyacommitteetoitsparentorganization.Itmaybemadebyaconsultanttoaclient.Itmaybemadebyanindividualtohis/hersuperior.

33、Areportcanbeabookreview,acriticalinterpretationofsomeissueorhistoricalevent,adetailedexplanationofascientificexperiment,anargumentinfavorofapoliticalorsocialprogram,acomparisonofdifferentsetsofideas,oradescriptiveessayaboutapersonorplace.

34、Informalreportsareshort,eachcontainingonetothreepagesofnarrativeandoccasionallyattachmentssuchasdrawings,photographs,andstatistics,etc.Oftentheyareissuedinamemorandumorletterform.Theygenerallyfallintothefollowingkinds:

incidentreports,fieldtripreports,inspectionreports,progressreports,andshortinvestigationreports,etc.

35、Semiformalreportsrefertoreportsofthefollowingkinds:

testandlaboratoryreports,investigationorevaluationreportsandsuggestionsandproposals,etc.

36、Aformalreportismorelikelytobereferredtoasafeasibilitystudy,aninvestigationorevaluationreport,aproductanalysis,oraprojectreport.

37、Aprofessionalpaperdiffersfromothernon-professionalessaysinthatitinvolvestheuseoflibrarysourcesfromwhichfacts,quotations,andtheopinionsofothersaredrawntoexplain,support,orauthenticateideasinthepaper.

38、Thereportpaperwriterneitherjudgesnorevaluatesthefindings,butmerelycatalogstheminasensiblesequence.

39、Coursepapersarewrittenafteraspecificcourseislearnedoraredesignedattheendofaterm.Thistypeofpaperis,therefore,alsocalled“termpaper.”

40、Itisparticularlyimportantinanykindofscientificinquiry;

itdoesnotmatterwhoisconductingtheexperimentorinvestigation.Beingimpersonalandfreefromemotionalfactorsisoneoftheimportantfeaturesinprofessionalwriting.

41、Thefocusofprofessionalwritingisuponthedataandupontheanalysisofthedata.

42、DoctorofPhilosophyistheteacherofknowledge.

43、Conferencedocumentsareprintedmaterialsdistributedbeforeoratorafteraconference,concerningtheannouncements,arrangements,andotherinformationoftheconference,usuallymadebythesponsoringorganizationortheorganizingcommitteeoftheconference.

44、Thereviewer,afterstatingthetitle,author,publisher,andpriceofthebook,shouldtellwhatthebookisaboutandwhyitisjudgedtobeworthyorunworthy.Thereviewershouldalsodiscussitsmeritsanddefectsandofferajudgmentastohowwelltheauthorsucceededinaccomplishinghisorherobjectives.

45、DifferencesbetweenIndexesandbibliographieslieinthefactthattheyarefrequentlymorespecializedintheirscopeandareselectivetothepointofidentifyingthebestavailablematerial.

46、Abibliographydiffersfromalistofreference