VOA Special English 原文.docx

VOA Special English 原文.docx

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VOASpecialEnglish原文

1aquicklesson

ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishEconomicsReport.

Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.

Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietorownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.

Forlegalpurposes,withthiskindofbusiness,theownerandthecompanyarethesame.Thismeanstheproprietorgetstokeepalloftheprofitsofthebusiness,butmustalsopayanydebts.

Anotherkindofbusinessisthepartnership.Twoormorepeoplegointobusinesstogether.Anagreementisusuallyneededtodecidehowmuchofthepartnershipeachpersoncontrols.

Onekindofpartnershipiscalledalimitedliabilitypartnership.Thesehavefullpartnersandlimitedpartners.Limitedpartnersmaynotshareasmuchintheprofits,buttheyalsohavelessresponsibilityforthebusiness.

Doctors,lawyersandaccountantsoftenformpartnershipstosharetheirrisksandprofits.Ahusbandandwifecanformabusinesspartnershiptogether.

Partnershipsexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive.Thesameistrueofindividualproprietorships.

Butcorporationsaredesignedtohaveanunlimitedlifetime.Acorporationisthemostcomplexkindofbusinessorganization.

Corporationscansellstockasawaytoraisemoney.Stockrepresentssharesofownershipinacompany.Investorswhobuystockcantradetheirsharesorkeepthemaslongasthecompanyisinbusiness.

Acompanymightusesomeofitsearningstopaydividendsasarewardtoshareholders.Orthecompanymightreinvestthemoneybackintothebusiness.

Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butshareholdersarenotresponsibleforthedebtsofthecorporation.

Acorporationisrecognizedasanentity--itsownlegalbeing,separatefromitsowners.

Aboardofdirectorscontrolscorporatepolicies.Thedirectorsappointtopcompanyofficers.Thedirectorsmightormightnotholdsharesinthecorporation.

Corporationscanhaveafewmajorshareholders.Orownershipcanbespreadamongthegeneralpublic.

Butnotallcorporationsaretraditionalbusinessesthatsellstock.Somenonprofitgroupsarealsoorganizedascorporations.

Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishEconomicsReport,writtenbyMarioRitter.Youcanlearnmoreaboutbusinessandeconomicsonourwebsite,.We'realsoonFacebook,TwitterandYouTubeatVOALearningEnglish.I'mBarbaraKlein.

2baboons

ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishAgricultureReport.

Whenfarmersandwildanimalsshareland,conflictscanbehardtoprevent.ButtheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationistryingtohelp.

TheFAOandothergroupsaredevelopingwhattheycalltheHuman-WildlifeConflictMitigationToolkit.ThistoolkitisacollectionofadviceandinformationthatfarmersinsouthernAfricahavebeentesting.

WildanimalsareconsideredatopproblemforthephysicalandeconomicsecurityofruralpopulationsinAfrica.

FAOofficialReneCzudeksaysthemainaimistoprovidelow-costmethodstodealwithwildanimalswithoutharmingthem.

Forexample,somefarmersinKenyausedonkeystoguardagainstlionsandcheetahs.

InZambiaandMozambique,crocodilesareblamedformoredeathsthananyotheranimal.NilecrocodileskillanestimatedthreehundredpeopleeachyearinMozambiquealone.

Strongfencingatwateringpointscanofferprotection.Andpeopleshouldalwaysenterthewaterseveralatatime,ingroupsarmedwithweaponslikesticksandstones,axesandspears.

ButtheFAOalsopointsoutthatcrocodileattacksarelesslikelyinplacesthathavenotbeenoverfished.

Thetoolkitalsohasideastocontrolbaboons.Theselargemonkeysraidcropsandtheycankillsheepandotherlivestock.

Onesuggestionistoremovethecenterfromaloafofbreadandhideasnakeinside--aliveoneifpossible.Baboonshaveafearofsnakes.Theyalsohavegoodmemories.ReneCzudekattheFAOsaysababoonfrightenedbyasnakesandwichwillprobablynotcomeback.

Anotheranimalwithagoodmemory--theelephant--oftenraidsfieldcrops,especiallymaizeandcassava.Mr.Czudeksaysthelossofamaizecropcanmeanthelossofafamily'sfoodsupplyforayear.

Didyouknowelephantshatechilipepper?

Farmerscangrindpepper,mixitwithelephantwasteandformbricks.Theideaistoburnthesebricksaroundtheedgesoffieldstokeepelephantsaway.Farmerscanalsogrowfieldsofchilipeppers--andsellthesurplus.

AnotherwaytocontrolelephantsiswithaplasticguncalledtheMhiripiriBomber.Itfiresballsthatburstandreleaseachilisolutionwhentheyhittheelephant'sskin.

Youmightalsobeabletostopanelephantorahippopotamusbyshininglightsintheireyes.

TheFAOtoolkitissupposedtobeavailableonlinesoon.Peoplewillbeabletocommentonthesuggestionsandoffertheirown.

Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishAgricultureReport,writtenbyJerilynWatson.I'mBobDoughty.

3FightingCancer

ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.

Healthexpertsarecallingforactiontoexpandcancercareandcontrolinthedevelopingworld.ApaperpublishedbythemedicaljournalLancetsayscancerwasoncethoughtofmostlyasaprobleminthedevelopedworld.Butitsayscancerisnowaleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityinpoorcountries.

ExpertsfromHarvardUniversityandotherorganizationsurgetheinternationalcommunitytofightcanceraggressively.TheysayitshouldbefoughtthewayHIV/AIDShasbeenfoughtinAfrica.

Cancerkillsmorethansevenandahalfmillionpeopleayearworldwide.Theexpertssayalmosttwo-thirdsareinlow-incomeandmiddle-incomecountries.

TheysaycancerkillsmorepeopleindevelopingcountriesthanAIDS,tuberculosisandmalariacombined.Buttheysaytheworldspendsonlyfivepercentofitscancerresourcesinthosecountries.

FeliciaKnaulfromtheHarvardMedicalSchoolwasoneoftheauthorsofthepaper.ShewasinMexicowhenshewasfoundtohavebreastcancer.Shereceivedtreatmentthere.Shesaystheexperienceshowedherthesharpdividebetweentherichandthepoorintreatingbreastcancer.

FELICIAKNAUL:

"Andweareseeingmoreandmorehowthisisattackingyoungwomen.It'sthenumbertwocauseofdeathinMexicoforwomenthirtytofifty-four.Alloverthedevelopingworld,exceptthepoorest-poorest,it'sthenumberonecancer-relateddeathamongyoungwomen.And,Ithinkwehavetoagainsaythatthereismuchmorewecoulddoaboutitthanwearedoingaboutit."

ProfessorKnaulmetcommunityhealthworkersduringherworkindevelopingcountries.Shesaystheywereanimportantpartofeffortstoreducedeathsfromcervicalcancer.Theywereabletopersuadewomentogettestedandtogetvaccinatedagainstavirusthatcancauseit.

Theexpertssaycancercaredoesnothavetobecostly.Forexample,patientscanbetreatedwithlower-costdrugsthatareoff-patent.Thismeansthedrugsarenolongerlegallyprotectedagainstbeingcopied.

Inanothernewreport,theAmericanCancerSocietysayscancerhasthehighesteconomiccostofanycauseofdeath.Itcausedanestimatedninehundredbilliondollarsineconomiclossesworldwideintwothousandeight.

Thatwasoneandahalfpercentoftheworldeconomy,andjustlossesfromearlydeathanddisability.Thestudydidnotestimatedirectmedicalcosts.Butitsaystheproductivitylossesarealmosttwentypercenthigherthanforthesecondleadingcauseofeconomicloss,heartdisease.

Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport,writtenbyCatyWeaverwithVidushiSinha.I'mBarbaraKlein

4Google

ThisistheVOASpecialEnglishEconomicsReport.

Lastweek,VerizonandGoogleproposedaplantheysaycouldkeeptheInternetopenwhilesupportinginvestmentinhigh-speedInternetservice.

Verizonhasthenation'sbiggestwirelessnetworkwhileGoogleisthebiggestInternetsearchengine.Theproposalwasasurprisebecausethetwocompanieshavebeenonoppositesidesofthedebateovernetneutrality.

ThatistheideathatallcontentontheWebshouldbetreatedequally.

InternetserviceproviderswanttobeabletochargemoreforheavyInternettrafficoruserswhowantspecialservices.TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionregulatestelephone,cableandsatellitecommunications.ButitspowertoregulateInternetservicehasbeenquestionedinthecourts.

Thenewproposalcallsforrulesbarringserviceprovidersfrompreventingusersfromsendingandreceivinglegalinformationofanykind.Usersalsocouldnotbepreventedfromlinkinganyapplication,serviceordevicetheychoosetotheWeb.

AndbroadbandInternetproviderswouldbebarredfromdiscriminatingagainstcontentandwouldhavetobeopenabouttheirpolicies.

Supportersofnetneutralitycriticizedtheproposalfornotincludingwirelessproviders.WirelessbroadbandisamongthefastestgrowingpartsoftheInternet.

Othersopposethecreationofa"two-tiered"systemontheInternetinwhichsomecontentgetsafastlaneandothercontentgoesslowly.ButDanielBrennersayssuchasystemalreadyexists.

DANIELBRENNER:

"Insomewaystherearetwotierstoday.Inotherwords,there'sthepublicInternetwhichwealluseforWebsurfing,e-mailandsometimesforvoice.Andthentherearemanagednetworks."

DanielBrennerisapartneratthelawfirmHoganLovellsinWashington.Hesaysserviceproviderswanttobeabletochargemorebecausetheybuildnetworksouttotheircustomersacrossthecountry.Suchcompaniesaretheso-called"lastmile"providers.

But,theInternetisreallyanetworkofnetworkswhichexchangetrafficallthetimeandcompetewitheachother.Andnotallnetworks