TPO26阅读文本文档格式.docx

TPO26阅读文本文档格式.docx

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PARAGRAPH3

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

PARAGRAPH4

Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.

1、Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"

GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal"

?

TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury

Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesand 

industriesineighteenth-centuryBritain

ToindicatethatBritain'

senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel

Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century

2、Whatwas"

theproblemofenergy"

thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?

Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.

Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.

Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.

Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.

I3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt'

ssteamengine?

TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain

Increasedmechanization

Morepossibilitiesformilllocation

Smallermills

4、Thephrase"

apparentin"

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

clearlyseenin

aidin

associatedwith

followedBy

5、Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain'

smostimportantexportby1850?

Rawcotton

Cottoncloth

Steam-poweredpumps

Coal

6、Theword"

consequent"

resulting

encouraging

welldocumented

immediate

7、Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?

Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.

ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.

ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.

ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedigreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.

8、Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?

Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.

Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.

Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.

Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalincoalmines.

9、Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:

Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron. 

Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld'

slargestproducerofiron.

Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.

Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.

10、Theword"

initiated"

anticipated

accelerated

spread

started

11、Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?

Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.

Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.

Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.

Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.

12、Thephrase"

accustomedto"

inneedof

usedto

tiredof

encouragedby

13、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicate

wherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbuttheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.

14、Direction:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.

AnswerChoices

A.Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentsandincreasedproduction.

B.By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain'

smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderin 

theproductionofcottonclothandiron.

C.Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain'

seconomic 

expansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Oncethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlargingmarketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.

E.AnexpansionoftheIndustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbeganto 

importrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.

F.Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfind 

enoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.

SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions

Theharshconditionsindesertsareintolerableformostplantsandanimals.Despitetheseconditions,however,manyvarietiesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtodesertsinanumberof