TPO26阅读文本.docx

TPO26阅读文本.docx

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TPO26阅读文本

TPO26

EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

PARAGRAPH1

Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.

PARAGRAPH2

Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.

PARAGRAPH3

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

PARAGRAPH4

Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.

PARAGRAPH1

1、Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal"?

TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury

Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesand industriesineighteenth-centuryBritain

ToindicatethatBritain'senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel

Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century

2、Whatwas"theproblemofenergy"thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?

Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.

Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.

Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.

Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.

PARAGRAPH2

I3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt'ssteamengine?

TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain

Increasedmechanization

Morepossibilitiesformilllocation

Smallermills

4、Thephrase"apparentin"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

clearlyseenin

aidin

associatedwith

followedBy

5、Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain'smostimportantexportby1850?

Rawcotton

Cottoncloth

Steam-poweredpumps

Coal

6、Theword"consequent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

resulting

encouraging

welldocumented

immediate

7、Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?

Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.

ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.

ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.

ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedigreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.

PARAGRAPH3

8、Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?

Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.

Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.

Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.

Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalincoalmines.

9、Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:

Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron. 

Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld'slargestproducerofiron.

Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.

Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.

PARAGRAPH4

10、Theword"initiated"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

anticipated

accelerated

spread

started

11、Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?

Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.

Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.

Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.

Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.

12、Thephrase"accustomedto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

inneedof

usedto

tiredof

encouragedby

13、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicate

wherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbuttheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.

14、Direction:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.

AnswerChoices

A.Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentsandincreasedproduction.

B.By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain'smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderin theproductionofcottonclothandiron.

C.Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain'seconomic expansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Oncethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlargingmarketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.

E.AnexpansionoftheIndustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbeganto importrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.

F.Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfind enoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.

SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions

PARAGRAPH1

Theharshconditionsindesertsareintolerableformostplantsandanimals.Despitetheseconditions,however,manyvarietiesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtodesertsinanumberof