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Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe
1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.
Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnimplications.Improvementsconstructionandsailinghadshippingheavyfreightoverexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacomplete2transformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.
PARAGRAPH1
however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.
1、Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"
GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal"
?
A.TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcenturyf
B.Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritain
C.ToindicatethatBritain'
senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel
D.Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century
2、Whatwas"
theproblemofenergy"
thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?
A.Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.
B.Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.
C.Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.
D.Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.
PARAGRAPH2
Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'
3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt'
ssteamengine?
A.TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain
B.Increasedmechanization
C.Morepossibilitiesformilllocation
D.Smallermills
4、Thephrase"
apparentin"
inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.clearlyseenin
B.aidin
C.associatedwith
D.followedBy
5、Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain'
smostimportantexportby1850?
A.Rawcotton
B.Cottoncloth
C.Steam-poweredpumps
D.Coal
6、Theword"
consequent"
A.Resulting
B.Encouraging
C.welldocumented
D.immediate7、Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?
A.Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.
B.ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.
C.ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.
D.ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedigreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.
PARAGRAPH3
Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.
8、Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?
A.Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.
B.Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.
C.Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.
D.Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoali