GMATAA高分作文模板Word文档下载推荐.docx

GMATAA高分作文模板Word文档下载推荐.docx

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carefulexaminationwouldreviewhow

groundlessthisconclusionis.

（经典）结尾段模板Toconclude,this

argumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.

Accordingly,itisimprudentfortheauthorto

claimthat….Tomakethisargumentlogically

acceptable,theauthorwouldhavetoshow

that….Inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,

theauthorshouldprovideconcreteevidenceas

welltodemonstratethat….Onlywithmore

convincingevidencecouldthisargument

becomemorethanjustanemotionalappeal.

（结尾中复述的理由就copy/paste开头中的理由）．

高频理由（按频率由高到低排列）

时序性因果攻击Firstly,theauthorisengaged

in‘afterthis,therefore,becauseofthis'

reasoning.Thelineofreasoningisthat

becauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformer

causedthelatter.However,thisreasoningis

fallaciousunlessotherpossiblecausalfactors

havebeenconsideredandruledout.For

example,perhapsC.Asaresult,anydecision

aimedataddressingtheproblemofBmustbe

basedonamorethoroughinvestigationto

gatherdatainordertonarrowdownandlocate

theactualcauseofB.

同时性因果攻击Secondly,theauthor'

s

solutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthe

causeofBjustbecauseAcoincidedwithB.

However,amerepositionalcorrelationdoes

notnecessarilyproveacausalrelationship.In

B,

ofcausesprospectiveotheralladdition,

suchasCandD,mustberuledout.Without

detailedanalysisoftherealsourceofB,it

wouldbegroundlesstoattributeBtoA.

错误类比攻击Additionally,itishighly

doubtfulthatstrategiesdrawnfromAare

applicabletoB.However,differencesbetween

thesetwoclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,

thereforemakingtheanalogymuchlessvalid.

Forexample,CandDallaffectAbutvirtually

absentinB.Accordingly,wecanseethatA

andBaresodissimilarthatBisunlikelyto

experiencethesameconsequenceifitadopts

A'

sstrategies.

非此即彼攻击Lastbutnotleast,theauthor

unfairlyassumesthatareadermustmakea

either-orchoice.However,theargumentfails

toruleoutpossibilitythatadjustingAandB

mightproducebetterresults.Moreover,ifthe

authoriswrongintheassumptionthatAandB

aretheonlycausesoftheproblem,thusthe

mosteffectivesolutionmightincludea

complexofotherfactors—suchasCandD.In

anyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustification

forthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedon

thereader.

必要性攻击Inthefirstplace,theauthor

unfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolely

byA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportant

elementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonly

orevennecessarilyrequiredelement.This

assumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriain

determiningB—suchasC,D.Without

accountingforthesepotentialfactors,the

authorconcludestoohastilythat…isthebest

waytoachievegoals.

充分性攻击Inthesecondplace,theauthor'

solutionrestsontheassumptionthatAis

goals.

desiredthetobirthgivetosufficient

However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoa

combinationoffactors,someofwhichwill

remainunchangedinthefuture,suchasCand

D,onlyAmighthavenoimpactonB.

选择性样本攻击Athresholdproblemisthat

theauthorprovidesnoevidencetoclaimthat

thegeneralgroupasawholeisofthesame

characteristic.Theexamplecited,while

suggestiveofthistrend,isinsufficientto

warrantthatthesampleisrepresentativeofthe

wholegroup.Forexample,Iquestion

that…Therefore,suchevidencewouldbe

obviouslyunrepresentative.Infact,infaceof

suchlimitedevidence,itisfallaciousforthe

authortodrawanyconclusionatall.

（与“选择性样本攻击”较类似）样本代表性攻击Moreover,apossiblemethodology

problemintheargumentisthatitisofbias.

be

tovaguetooismany'

‘sotermThe

statisticallymeaningful.Itisverypossiblethat

workerswhoweremoreinterestedinthe

surveymightbelikelytorespondtothe

questionnaire.Lackingintheinformation

aboutthenumberofworkerssurveyedandthe

numberofrespondents,itisimpossibleto

assessthevalidityofthesurvey.Forinstance,

if1000workersweresurveyedbutonly10

responded,theresultshouldbehighlysuspect.

Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforother

interpretations,thesurveywouldbeuselessin

concludingthat….

其他理由

忽略他因攻击Thirdly,theauthorhasfocused

onlyonA.Amoredetailedanalysiswould

revealthatotherfactorsfaroutweighthefactor

onwhichtheauthorfocuses.Forexample,C.

Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthe

causes,itispresumptuousfortheauthorto

claimthatAsolelydeterminedB.

因果倒置攻击Atlast,itispossiblethatthe

authorhasconfusedcausewitheffect.Perhaps

AwasaresponsetoB.Sincetheauthorfailsto

accountforthispossibility,theclaimthat…is

completelyunwarranted.

样本数量攻击Anotherproblemthat

seriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentis

thatthesurveycitedisbasedontoosmalla

sampletobereliable.Offeredinsupportofthe

argument,theonlyevidenceisthat….Unless

itcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofall

generalgroup,thefactthat…isgroundlessto

claimthat…

Loadedquestion和诚实性攻击What'

more,themethodologyofthesurveyis

problematicfortworeasons.Foronething,we

arenotinformedwhetherthesurveyprovided

only3alternatives.Ifitdid,therespondents,

whomightverywellpreferanotherchoicenot

providedinthesurvey,mightbeforcedtogive

uptheirpreferences.Foranotherthing,weare

notinformedwhetherthesurveyresponses

wereanonymousorconfidential.The

respondentsmightsupplyresponsesfavored

bytheirsuperiorswhomightconductthe

survey.Botheventswouldleadthissurvey

unreliable,letalonedrawtheconclusion

that…

样本时效性攻击Lastbutnotleast,another

flawthatsignificantlyunderminesthis

argumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicate

howrecentlythesurveywasactually

conducted.Whenusedtogenerallyclaima

particulargroup,thesamplesshouldbeclose

enoughtosupportthegeneralization,inorder

topreventhistoricalchangesfrominvalidating

thegeneralization.Allweknowisthatthe

surveyisrecentlypublished.Thelessrecent

thesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultsto

demonstratethat…

差异概念攻击Tobeginwith,wemust

establishthemeaningofthevagueconceptA.

IfthetermweresynonymouswithB,the

evidencecitedwouldstronglysupportthe

argument.However,Amaybedefinedinother

termssuchasCandD.Accordingly,theauthor

hasdrawntheconclusiontoohastilyduetothe

ignoranceofotherdefinitionsofA.

范围内推攻击What'

smore,themost

egregiousreasoningerrorinthisargumentis

thattheauthorusesevidencepertainingtoa

generalgrouponthebasisofaparticularB.

Evenifthereasoningmaybesoundingeneral

sense,theparticularsituationinwhichBis

the

ofrepresentativebenotmayinvolved

entiregeneralgroup.Itispossiblethat...Ifthis

isthecase,theclaimthat…isillfounded.

不随时变攻击Moreover,theauthorunfairly

assumesthatAwillremainunchangedoverthe

nextdecades.However,amererecent

one-yearAisinsufficienttoclaimthat.

Statisticsfromsuchlimitedanecdotalevidence

isnotagoodindicatorforthistrend.In

addition,itispossiblethatinthefuture,this

trendwouldgreatlyfluctuateorevenreverse,

thentheadoptionoftheauthor'

sproposal

mightgivebirthtoB,however,itmightalso

haveanegativeimpactonC1and,inturns,C2.

Admittedly,thisargumentwouldbeeven

weakerandweakereachdayastimegoesby