最新版新编英语语言学复习知识点整理.docx

最新版新编英语语言学复习知识点整理.docx

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最新版新编英语语言学复习知识点整理

第一单元Whatislinguistics?

什么是语言学？

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴

Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学

Phonetics语音学：

thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphonetics

Phonology音系学:

aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.

Morphology形态学:

thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.

Syntax句法学:

thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudies

Semantics语义学:

thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemantics

Pragmatics语用学:

whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics

Sociolinguistics社会语言学:

thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguistics

Psycholinguistics心理语言学:

Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology

\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:

findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics

Otherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。

人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学

1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性

Descriptive：

alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive:

itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage

2.Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy

Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.

3.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:

（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution

（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting

（3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage

4.Languageandparole语言与言语

Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse

5.Competenceandperformance能力与运用

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

Whatislanguage?

什么是语言？

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

Characteristicsoflanguage:

语言的特性

Languageisarule-governedsystem

Languageisbasicallyvocal

Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:

“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”）

Languageisusedforhumancommunication

Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征

AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:

1）arbitrariness随意性

2）productivity创造性

3）duality双重性

4）displacement不受时空限制性

5）culturaltransmission文化传递性

单元二Twomajormediaofcommunication:

speechandwriting

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。

Phonetics语音学:

isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.

Threebranchesofphonetics:

articulatoryphonetics发音语音学（mosthighlydeveloped）,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学

Articulationphonetics（发音语音学）:

Howaspeakeruseshisspeechorgansarticulatethesounds. 

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）:

Howahearerperceivesthesounds.

Acoustic（声学语音学）:

Howthesoundsaretransmitter.

Organsofspeech发音器官

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat

Theoralcavity口腔----themouth

Thenasalcavity鼻腔---thenose

Vibrationofthevocalcords（声带）resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”浊音，whichisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。

单词补充：

01）velum:

Thesoftpalate.软腭

02）uvula:

Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块

03）larynx:

n.喉

04）vocalcord:

声带

05）membrane:

n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官

06）thesoftpalate:

软腭

07）thehardpalate:

硬腭

08）theteethridge:

齿龈

09）alveolus:

Atoothsocketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床

10）theteeth:

牙齿

11）thelips:

上下唇

12）bladeoftongue:

舌面

13）backoftongue:

舌根

14）pharyngealcavity:

咽腔

15）nasalcavity:

鼻腔

16）velar:

Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as（g）ingoodand（k）incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在good中的（g）以及在cup中的（k）

17）thetipofthetongue:

舌尖

18）theupperfrontteeth:

上齿

19）theroofofthemouth:

上颚

20）thelowerlip:

下唇

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）

Thevowels（monophthongsanddiphthongs）元音（单元音&双元音）

Theconsonants辅音

Broadtranscription:

transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.（indictionariesandteachingtextbooks）

用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。

Narrowtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.

但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，比如Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。

在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。

ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类vowelsandconstants

Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconstantisthatinthepronunciationoftheformertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.

Consonants:

thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairsteamatsomepointofthevocaltract.

Vowels:

thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstruction.

ClassificationofEnglishconstants

Classificationintwoways:

intermsofmannerofarticulation:

stops,fricatives,affricates,nasals,liquids,glides.

:

intermsofplaceofarticulation:

bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottal.

ClassificationofEnglishvowels英语元音的分类

:

thepositionofthetongueinthemouth舌位高低（classificationof3groups:

front,central,andback）

:

theopennessofthemouth,口的张开程度（classificationof4groups:

closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels）

:

theshapeofthelips唇的形状（roundedornotrounded）

:

lengthofthevowels元音的长度（longvowelsandshortvowels,correspondingtothedistinctionoftenseandlaxvowels）

Phonologyandphonetics

音系学和语音学botharethestudiesofspeechsounds.

Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.

语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。

Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。

Phone，phonemeandallophone语音，音位，音位变体

Phones,whichcanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.

Thedifferentwhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair

音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对

ropeandrobethat/P/and/b/canoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning;thereforetheyareinphonemiccontrast.

可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。

/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.[pen]and[ben]

最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。

Somerulesinphonology几条音系规则

Sequentialrules序列规则：

blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.Butlbki,ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.

Assimilationrules同化规则（onesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakethetwophonessimilar）

Deletionrule省略规则（ittelluswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.）Sign,design,thereisno{g}sound./Signature,designationthe{g}ispronounced./Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.

Suprasegmentalfeatures:

thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。

themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesare:

stress,tone,intonation.超切分特征――重音，声调，语调

第三单元Morphologyisabranc