届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版.docx

届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版.docx

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届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版

2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义

【考纲解读】

考频统计

　　卷名

年份　　

课标全国Ⅰ

课标全国Ⅱ

课标全国Ⅲ

2017

1

1

1

2016

1

2

2

2015

1

1

—

2014

2

2

—

2013

0

1

—

考点内容

要求考生能够读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息,根据上下文推断生词的词义。

分析解读

猜测词义题旨在考查考生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句子的意思的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。

它不仅涉及考生的语言水平,还涉及考生的语言应用能力和综合素质等方面。

猜测词义题虽不是阅读测试的重点,但也是常考题目,是对考生多方面综合能力的考查。

因此,今后的高考中这类试题将保持平稳,而且试题增加了对短语、句意的猜测的考查。

近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加,需在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。

【命题探究】

（2017课标全国Ⅲ,C）

Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.

GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.

Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources（来源）forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation（植被）,whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceof①wolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark􀆳sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark􀆳sbeavers.

Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.

Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitors②andmanagesthewolfpacks③inYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback④.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.

1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.

B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.

C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.

D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?

A.Tested.

B.Separated.

C.Forcedout.

D.Trackeddown.

3.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?

A.Damagetolocalecology.

B.Adeclineinthepark􀆳sincome.

C.Preservationofvegetation.

D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.

4.Whatistheauthor􀆳sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?

A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.

命题方法

猜测词义题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型,一般考查对生词的猜测、熟词生义的猜测、短语的猜测、代词的指代以及句子的理解。

精准审题

根据第2题What,theunderlinedword“displaced”和mean可知本题考查词义猜测。

解题步骤

1.通过定义、定语（从句）、同位语（从句）来确定词义。

如:

Itwillbeveryhardbutbrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.（brittle易碎的）

2.通过文中的反义词及but,while,however,insteadof,ratherthan,unlike,yet,otherwise,though,onthecontrary等来猜测词义。

3.通过同义词来猜测词义。

如:

Cleaningupwaterwaysisagigantictask.Thejobistoolarge,infact,...（gigantic=large巨大的）

4.通过原因或结果猜测词义。

5.通过文中的举例猜测词义。

如:

Nowadaysmanypeoplespendmuchmoneyonapplianceslikewashingmachinesandrefrigerators.（appliance家用电器）

6.利用语境及上下文,再结合自己的生活常识猜测词义。

7.通过所学构词法猜测词义。

高效解题

根据上文中GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstonearea及下句Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.可推知displaced的意思是forcedout（迫使离开）,故答案为C项。

【答案】

1.D　2.C　3.A　4.B

【注释】

①intheabsenceof在没有……的情况下　②monitorv.监控　③wolfpack狼群　④makeacomeback东山再起;重新流行　如:

Thebell-bottomsmadeacomebackinthelate1980s.喇叭裤在20世纪80年代末又再度流行起来。

【五年高考】

Passage1（2017课标全国Ⅰ,D）词数:

311

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it􀆳sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit􀆳sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'×5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher􀆳sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole. 

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet􀆳scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圆锥体）with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸发）andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon􀆳thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.

1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It􀆳sdelicate.B.It􀆳sexpensive.

C.It􀆳scomplex.D.It􀆳sportable.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?

A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.

3.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?

A.Digaholeofacertainsize.

B.Putthecupinplace.

C.Weightthesheet􀆳scenterdown.

D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.

4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom　　　. 

A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole

C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet

答案

1.D　

2.B　

3.C　

4.D　

Passage2（2017天津,C）词数:

330

Thismonth,Germany􀆳stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles（自主驾驶车辆）.Theywoulddefinethedriver􀆳sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:

thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:

thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（财产）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar􀆳smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability（法律责任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars,”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.

ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.

1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?

A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.

B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.

C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.

D.Asituationwheredrivers􀆳roleisnotclear.

2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto　　　. 

A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrules

B.helppromotefullyautomaticdriving

C.protectdriversofallagesandraces

D.preventseriouspropertydamage

3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?

A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.

B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.

C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.

D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.

4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein　　　. 

A.SingaporeB.theUKC.theUSD.Germany

5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AutonomousDriving:

WhoseLiability?

B.FullyAutomaticCars:

ANewBreakthrough

C.AutonomousVehicles:

DriverRemoved!

D.DriverlessCars:

RootofRoadAccidents

答案

1.D　

2.B　

3.D　

4.C　

5.A　

Passage3（2017江苏,D）词数:

690

OldProblem,NewApproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.

Whenitcomestoadaptation