大学英语四级考试及答案模拟题二.docx

大学英语四级考试及答案模拟题二.docx

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大学英语四级考试及答案模拟题二

模拟试题二

PartIWriting

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:

OverseasStudyatanEarlyAge.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:

1.目前很多父母在子女高中毕业前就送他们出国学习

2.形成这种趋势的原因

3.我对些的看法

OverseaStudyatanEarlyAge

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswersheet1.

TheSky'sLimit

Airtravelisarapidlygrowingsourceofgreenhousegases.Butitisalsoanindispensablewayoftravel.ThenewA380Thedouble-deckerA380,thebiggestairlinertheworldhasseen,landedatHeathrowlastmonthtotestwhetherLondon'smainairportcouldhandlethenew550-seater,duetoentercommercialserviceattheendofthisyear.ItwasaproudmomentforBritain'sRolls-Royce,themakersoftheaircraft'sTrent900engines.Rolls-RoycesaysthefourTrentsontheA380areascleanandefficientasanyjetengine,andproduce"asmuchpoweras3,500familycars".Asimplecalculationshowsthattheequivalentofmorethansixcarsisneededtoflyeachpassenger.

Takethecalculationfurther:

flyingafullyladenA380is,intermsofenergy,likea14km（nine-mile）queueoftrafficontheroadbelow.Andthatisjustoneaircraft.In20years,Airbusreckons,1,500suchplaneswillbeintheair.Bythen,thetotalnumberofairlinersisexpectedtohavedoubled,to22,000.Thehugeairplanealonewouldbepumpingoutcarbondioxide（CO2）atthesamerateas5millioncars.

Thatmaynotseemmuchcomparedwiththe60millionvehiclesthatpouroffassemblylineseveryyear—orthe1billionvehiclesalreadyontheworld'sroads.Butwhereascarsareusedroughlyforaboutanhourorsoaday,jetairlinersareonthemoveforatleast10hoursaday.Andtheyburntax-free,highoctane

（1）高能量的）fuel,whichdumpshundredsofmillionsoftonnesofCO2intothemostsensitivepartoftheatmosphere.

Aviationisarelativelysmallsourceoftheemissionsblamedforglobalwarming,butitsshareisgrowingthefastest.Theevidenceisstrong.Asaresult,aviationisincreasinglyattractingtheattentionofenvironmentalistsandpoliticians.Amidmuchcontroversy,CO2caps（最高限制）andcarbon-tradingcouldsoonbeusedtohelpcurbaircraftemissions.

Frequentflyers,freeriders

Airlinesareaccusedofhavingafreerideintermsofairpollutionbecausetheypaynotaxonthefueltheyuseforinternationalflights.Eventhoughtoday'saircraftareabout70%moreefficientthanthoseof40yearsago,concernsoveremissionshavegrown.Despiteboomingdemandforairtravel,manyairlinesarelosingmoney.Nowgreencampaignerswantpeopletothinktwicebeforetheyfly.TheopposingvoiceisparticularlyloudinEurope,wherelow-costcarriersareexpandingfastonbusyshorthaul

（2）短距离）routes.TheEuropeanParliamentwillvoteinJulyonaproposaltolimitaircraftemissions.

Americaisdeeplyunhappyattheprospectofitsairlinesbeingaffected.SharonPinkerton,aseniorrepresentativeoftheFederalAviationAdministrationinsisted,onavisittoBrusselslastyear,thatAmericancarriersshouldbeexemptedfromthescheme.Thissetsthesceneforanothertransatlanticaviationdispute,toaddtothetwobitterandlong-runningdisputesoversubsidiestoEurope'sAirbusandtheliberalisationofairtrafficbetweenthetwocontinents.

Theairlinesaregrowingnervous.ThebiginternationalcarriersrepresentedbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation（IATA）wouldratherEuropewaitedforthedeliberationsofaUnitedNationsbody,theInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation（ICAO）,whichhassettechnical,legalandsafetyrulesformorethan50years.InternationalaviationwasexcludedfromtheKyotoprotocolonglobalwarming,butonlyonconditionthat,bytheendof2007,countriesandairlinesworkedundertheumbrellaofICAOtocomeupwithawayofreducingemissionsthroughatradingscheme.

SoonaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarthemembergovernmentsofICAOagreedthatairlinesshouldbefreeoffueltaxes.Somesaythiswastooutlawunilateraltaxesthatcoulddistortmarkets,butothersreckonitwasdonetoboostthefledglingairlineindustryemergingfromthefighting.Thecorollarywasthataviation,unlikemotortrafficandotherformsoftransport,wouldpayinatransparentmannerfortheinfrastructureandservicesitrequired-air-trafficmanagement,landingcharges,flyoverrightsandsoon.Thatwassupposedtotakecareoftheexternalcosts.Butnooneinthosedaysthoughtmuchabouttheenvironment.CountingthecostItwasnotuntil1999thattheUnitedNationsIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange（IPCC）attemptedtoreducetheeffectofaviationontheenvironment.Transportasawholewasjudgedtoberesponsibleforaboutaquarteroftheworld'sCO2discharges.Thatmakesitoneofthebiggestsources,alongsidepowergenerationandhouseholds,asasourceofthegas.Withintransport,aviationaccountsforabout13%.Itscontributiontototalman-madeemissionsworldwideissaidtobearound3%.Sowhyallthefussaboutsolittle?

Onereasonisthathigh-altitudeemissionsareprobablydisproportionatelydamagingtotheenvironment.Thenitrogenoxidesfromjet-engineexhaustsleadtotheformationofozone,anothergreenhousegas.Contrails（飞行云）arealsosuspectedofenhancingtheformationofcirrusclouds,whichsomescientiststhinkaddstotheglobalwarmingeffect.TheIPCCestimatedthattheoverallimpactonglobalwarmingofaircraftcouldbebetweentwoandfourtimesthatoftheirCO2emissionsalone,thoughthereisnoscientificconsensusaboutthesizeofthismultiplier.

Naturally,theairlineschoosetomeasurethegreenhousegasestheyproduceinthewaythatcaststheminthebestlight—atricktheydeployonsafetystatistics,too.Forinstance,overhalfofaircraftaccidentsoccuraroundtake-offandlanding.Soaccidentsperpassenger-milecompareveryfavourablywithothermeansoftransport.Butatleastonestudyhasshownthat,ifaccidentsaremeasuredperjourneyinstead,aircraftarethesecond-mostdangerouswayoftravelling,aftermotorcycles.

Likewiseongreenhousegases.IATAsaysanaircraft'sfuelconsumptionisaboutthesameasthatofafamilycar,at3.5litresper100passenger-kilometres.SoCO2emissionsaresimilar.Butthatistrueonlyiftheaircraftisfullandthecar'spassengerseatsareempty.Andeventhen,ajumbojetflyingfromLondontoSydneywouldbelikenearly400VolkswagenPoloseachtravellingjustover16,000km—theaveragedistanceaEuropeandrivesinayear.Inotherwords,althoughcarsandaircraftdischargeroughlythesameamountofCO2foreachpassenger-kilometre,theaircrafttravelanawfullotfarther.Waitingtoland

Crowdedairportscompoundtheproblem.BusyrunwaysatplacessuchasHeathrowmeanaeroplaneshavetocirclewastefully.Thepossibilityofbeingheldupensuresthatpilotscarryextrafuel,therebyincreasingtheaircraft'sweightand,hence,itsconsumptionoffuel.Othersmallchangescouldfurthersavefuelandavoidcarbonemissions:

aircraftcouldbetowedeverywhereonthegroundbyelectricvehicles.Consumers,too,cantakeastandbyvoluntarilyoffsettingthecarbonemissionsassociatedwithflyingbypaying,forinstance,tohavetreesplanted.

ThisweekIATAsaidthenetlossoftheworld'sairlinesinthepastsixyearswouldamounttoalmost$44billion.Carriershavebeenhitbyterrorism,war,recession,therespiratorydiseaseSAILSandsoaringoilprices.Therewerehopestheindustrycouldmakeasmallprofitin2007,buthavingtopayforenvironmentalcostscouldchangethat.Yetglobalwarmingisnotsomethingthatairlines,oranyotherindustry,canshakeoffforever.Soonerorlater,aviationwillhavetoshouldertheburdenitimposesontheplanet.

1.Thispassageismainlyabouthowthedevelopmentofairlineindustryhasaffectedtheenvironmentthroughitsgreenhousegasesemission.

2.Itispredictedthatin20years,thehugeairplanesalonewouldbepumpingoutcarbondioxideatthesamerateas5millioncars.

3.Theauthorcomparestheeffectofairlinersontheenvironmentandthatofthecarsandconcludedthattheeffectoftheformerislessbecausethenumberofairplanesismuchsmallerthanthatofthecars.

4.Inthepast,aviationindustrywasthesmallestsourceofgreenhousegasesemissionandthusdidnotattractpeople'sattention.

5.Manyairlinesarehavinglessprofittodayalthoughtherearemoredemandforairtravel.6.Americaisproposinganalternativeplantosolvetheproblemofemissionfromairliners.

7.Theairlinesaremomandmorenervous,andtheywanttheproblembeconsideredbyIATA,aUnitedNationsbody.

8.______asawholewasjudgedtoberesponsibleforaboutaquarteroftheworld'scarbondioxidedischarges.

9.Althoughaviationaccountsforonly3%ofthetotalman-madeemission,its______arebelievedtobedisproportionatelydamagingtotheenvironment.

10.Duringthepastsixyears,airlineindustryhasbeenhitbyterrorism,war,______whichmadetheindustrysufferatotallossof$44billion.

PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）

SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.TheAmericanRevolutionwasnota