第二部分 英译汉全真模拟 Passages 110.docx

第二部分 英译汉全真模拟 Passages 110.docx

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第二部分英译汉全真模拟Passages110

第二部分英译汉全真模拟（Passages1—10）

Passage1

Directions:

RoadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.（15points）

71）ThemainimpressiongrowingoutoftwelveyearsonthefacultyofamedicalschoolisthattheNo.1healthproblemintheU.S.today,evenmorethanAIDSorcancer,isthatAmericansdon'tknowhowtothinkabouthealthandillness.Ourreactionsareformedontheterrorlevel.Wefeartheworst,expecttheworst,thusinvitetheworst.Theresultisthatwearebecominganationofweaklingsandhypochondriacs（自疑有病者）,aself-medicatingsocietyincapableofdistinguishingbetweencasual,everydaysymptomsandthosethatrequireprofessionalattention.

Somewhereinourearlyeducationwebecomeaddictedtothenotionthatpainmeanssickness.72）Wefailtolearnthatpainisthebody'swayofinformingthemindthatwearedoingsomethingwrong,notnecessarilythatsomethingiswrong.Wedon'tunderstandthatpainmaybetellingusthatweareeatingtoomuchorthewrongthings;orthatwearesmokingtoomuchordrinkingtoomuch;orthatthereistoomuchemotionalcongestioninourlives;orthatwearebeingworndownbyhavingtocopedailywithovercrowdedstreetsandhighways,thepoundingnoiseofgarbagegrinders,orthecosmicdistancebetweentheentrancetotheairportandthedeparturegate,wegetthemessageofpainallwrong.73）Insteadofaddressingourselvestothecause,webecomepushoversforpills,drivingthepainundergroundandinvitingittoreturnwithincreasedauthority.

74）Earlyinlife,too,webecomeseizedwiththebizarreideathatweareconstantlyassaultedbyinvisiblemonsterscalledgerms,andthatwehavetobeonconstantalerttoprotectourselvesagainsttheirfury.Equalemphasis,however,isnotgiventothepresidingfactthatourbodiesaresuperblyequippedtodealwiththelittledemons,andthatthebestwayofforestallinganattackistomaintainasensiblelifestyle.

ThemostsignificantsinglestatementabouthealthtoappearinthemedicaljournalsduringthepastdecadeisbyDr.FranzIngelfinger,thelateandformereditoroftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ingelfingernotedthatalmostallillnessesareself-limiting.Thatis,thehumanbodyiscapableofhandlingthemwithoutoutsideintervention.75）Thethrustofthearticlewasthatweneednotfeelwearehelplessifdiseasetriestotearawayatourbodies,andthatwecanhavegreaterconfidenceintherealityofahealingsystemthatisbeautifullydesignedtomeetmostofitsproblems.Andevenwhenoutsidehelpisrequired,ourownresourceshavesomethingofvaluetoofferinacombinedstrategyoftreatment.

Passage2

Whenofficesareplannedtheattentionpaidtothecorrectuseofspace,andindividualandcompanyneeds,isoftentotallyinadequate.71）Badplanningcanfrustratethemanagerandemployeeandreducetheirlevelofperformance.Thisiswhysomuchresearchhasbeenundertakensincethewarintoeffectiveofficeplanning.

Thereisagrowingrealisationthatinvestmentinpeoplemeansthattheirneedsshouldbethroughlyanalysedandprovidedfor.Ithasencouragedanumberofofficeplanningapproaches.72）Thebestoftheseapproachestakeintoaccountnotjustthephysicalaspectsofabuildingbutthecomplexindividualandgrouprelationshipswhichneedtobeunderstoodbeforeaplanisimplemented.

Aman'spersonalpreferenceisalwaysforhisownseparateoffice.Wherethiscanbeachieveditprovidesprivacyandspecialadvantagesforhim.However,itisquiteuneconomicformostorganisationstoprovidesuchfacilitiesonanythingbutalimitedscale.73）Moreoverthecorporateneedsforgoodcommunications,smoothexchangeofideasandpaperwork,andflexibilitydemandadifferentformofplanning.Preoccupationwithrentalcostshasledinthepasttoopenplanofficeswhichintheworstcircumstancesarelaidoutinsucharegimentedfashionthattheatmosphereistotallyimpersonal.

Nevertheless,costsmustbefacedrealistically.Perhapsthebestbalancebetweentheneedsofmostoftheemployeesandtheneedsofthecompanyaretobefoundinlandscapedoffices.

DevelopedinGermanyinthelate1950s,landscaping,orBurolandschaftasitissometimescalled,seekstoachievegoodcommunicationsandinformationflowbythecorrectjuxtapositionofdepartments.74）Itsaimistoprovideapleasingworkingenvironmentforall,coupledwitheconomicuseofspaceandtheabilityonmanagement'sparttoalterofficelayouttocopewithchangesinworkingmethods.

Ideallyafloorareaofnotlessthan6000sq.ft.isrequired,generallyintheformofasquareorrectanglethesidesofwhichhavearatiooflessthantwotoone.Employeesaregroupedtogetherinclusters,inaccordancewithaplanthattakesintoaccountworkflowanddesirablerelationshipsacrosstraditionalorganisationalbarriers.Suchgroupsareidentifiedandseparatedbymovablescreens.75）Anacceptablegeneralnoiselevelisachievedbycarefulacousticcontroltoprovideauralprivacyandmaskintrusivenoise.

Passage3

Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:

itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten.71）Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreely,withlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructure,inordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelings,beliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclasicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabulary,vividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants.

Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentand,asaresult,tobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguage,however,theyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.72）Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree;heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplace,heisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentious,evenchildish.

Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.73）Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor.

ThestudentundertakingaproficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.74）Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone'sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymust,aboveall,writeverysimplyatfirst,usingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrect,forgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit.

Morecomplexforms,morevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent'sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformorconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconidence,hecanbegintotakeaninterestintheuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspense,calm,dignity,humour,ofmusicorpoetry.75）Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanation,ofexactletterwriting,offormalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.And,asalearner,hewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites.

Passage4

Weusuallyassumethataninnatecharacteristicofhumanbeingsisthecloseandimmediateattachmentbetweenthenewbornchildanditsparents,especiallyitsmother.Becauseabandonmentorabuseofchildrenseemstodefysuchbeliefs,wearebaffledbyreportsofwidespreadparentalabuseofchildren.Alookatthepastmayprovideadifferentperspectiveonthepresent.

Accordingtosomescholars,maternalindifferencetoinfantsmayhavebeentypicaloftheMiddleAges.Ariessaysthereisevidencethatinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesparentsshowedlittleaffectionfortheirchildren,andEdwardShorterarguesthatthisindifferencewasprobablytypicalamongtheordinarypeopleofWesternEurope,evenintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.71）Thedeathofyoungchildrenseemstohavebeenacceptedcasually,andalthoughovertinfanticidewasfrownedupon,allowingchildrentodiewassometimesencouraged,oratleasttolerated.Forexample,inWesternEuropeitwascommonformotherstoleaveinfantsatfoundlinghospitalsorwithruralwetnurses,bothofwhichresultedinveryhighmortalityrates.72）Whetherthesepracticesweretypicallytheresultofeconomicdesperation,thedifficultyofraisinganout-of-wedlockchild,orlackofattachmenttoaninfantisnotclear,butthefactthatmanywell-to-domarriedwomencasuallychosetogivetheirinfantstowetnurses,despitethehighermortalityrisks,suggeststhatthereasonswerenotalwayseconomicdifficultyorfearofsocialstigma.

Whileth