GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五.docx

GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五.docx

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GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十三至十五

2015年GRE考试阅读理解：

每日一练

（十三至十五）

十三

　　Exercise13

　　JeanWagner‘smostenduringcontributiontothe　studyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbe　analyzedinareligious,aswellassecular,frameofLinereference.Theappropriatenessofsuchanapproachmayseemself-evidentforatraditioncommencingwith　spiritualsandowingitsearlyforms,rhythms,vocabulary,　andevangelicalfervortoWesleyanhymnals.Butbefore　WagnerasecularoutlookthatanalyzedBlackpoetry　solelywithinthecontextofpoliticalandsocialprotestwasdominantinthefield.　ItisWagnerwhofirstdemonstratedtheessentialfusionofracialandreligiousfeelinginAfro-Americanpoetry.Thetwo,heargued,formasymbioticunioninwhichreligiousfeelingsareoftenappliedtoracialissuesandracialproblemsareoftenprojectedontoa　metaphysicalplane.Wagnerfoundthismosteloquently　illustratedintheBlackspiritual,wherethedesirefor　freedominthisworldandthehopeforsalvationinthe　nextareinextricablyintertwined.

　　（159words）

　　1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

　　（A）contrastthetheoriesofJeanWagnerwith　thoseofothercontemporarycritics

　　（B）documenttheinfluenceofJeanWagneronthedevelopmentofAfro-Americanpoetry

　　（C）explaintherelevanceofJeanWagner‘sworktothestudyofAfro-Americanreligion

　　（D）indicatetheimportanceofJeanWagner‘sanalysisofAfro-Americanpoetry

　　（E）presentthecontributionsofJeanWagnertothestudyofBlackspirituals

　　2.AllofthefollowingaspectsofAfro-Americanpoetryarereferredtointhepassageashavingbeen　influencedbyWesleyanhymnalsEXCEPT

　　（A）subjectmatter

　　（B）wordchoice

　　（C）rhythm

　　（D）structure

　　（E）tone

　　3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beforeWagner,moststudentsofAfro-Americanpoetrydid　whichofthefollowing?

　　（A）Contributedappreciablytothetransferof　politicalprotestfromAfro-Americanpoetryto　directpoliticalaction.

　　（B）Ignoredatleastsomeofthehistoricalrootsof　Afro-Americanpoetry.

　　（C）AnalyzedfullytheaspectsofsocialprotesttobefoundinsuchtraditionalformsofAfro-AmericanpoetryastheBlackspiritual.

　　（D）Regardedasunimportantthedevelopment　offerventemotionalisminaportionofAfro-Americanpoetry.

　　（E）ConcentratedonthecomplexrelationsbetweenthetechnicalelementsinAfro-Americanpoetryanditspoliticalcontent.

　　Intheearly1950‘s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope（whichwemaydefinehereas　Europeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800）began,　Lineforthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:

the　kings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthem　chronicledbycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation,　manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonly　recordsthatseemedtoexist:

birth,marriage,anddeath　records.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenonelitewasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthe　vastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswas　hardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.

　　Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethought　orfelt.Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntothe　recordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheard,aswitnesses,plaintiffs,anddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas―apoint　ofentryintothementalworldofthepoor.‖HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthedocumentsto　extractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedthe　attitudesofdifferentsocialgroups（theseattitudes　include,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrime　andthelaw）andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.Ithasbeensocietiesthathavehad　adevelopedpolicesystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshave　yieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxon　countrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudy　oflegaldocuments.

　　Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberof　years.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformation　givesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.WealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpreindustrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothe　numberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspect　thattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.In　addition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistoriansto　compareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade.　Giventheseinadequacies,itisclearwhythecase　historyuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.

　　（473words）

　　4.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950‘s,　mosthistorianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope　didwhichofthefollowing?

　　（A）FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

　　（B）Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.

　　（C）InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

　　（D）Confinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthe　preindustrialEuropeanpopulation.

　　（E）Tendedtorelyheavilyonbirth,marriage,and　deathrecords.

　　5.Accordingtothepassage,thecasehistoriesextractedbyhistorianshave

　　（A）scarcelyilluminatedtheattitudesofthepoliticalandsocialelite

　　（B）indicatedthemannerinwhichthoseinpowerapportionedjustice

　　（C）focusedalmostentirelyonthethoughtsandfeelingsofdifferentsocialgroupstowardcrimeand　thelaw

　　（D）beenconsideredthefirstkindofhistorical　writingthatutilizedtherecordsoflegalcourts

　　（E）beenbasedforthemostpartonthetrialtestimony　ofpoliceandotherlegalauthorities

　　6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannonelite　ofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad

　　（A）useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenonelite

　　（B）beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudes　ofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewho　administeredjustice,towardthenonelite

　　（C）beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribed　whatthisnonelitethought

　　（D）reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticaland　socialelitewholivedduringtheperiodin　question

　　（E）beenmorewillingtobasetheirresearchonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthe　nonelite

　　7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinanotherdecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetter　informationaboutwhichofthefollowing?

　　（A）Thecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecades

　　（B）Theaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthe　citynearesttothecityunderinvestigation　duringthetwodecades

　　（C）Thenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation

　　（D）Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingsaboutauthority,during　eachofthedecadesunderinvestigation

　　（E）Thepossibilitiesforamemberofthecity‘snonelitetobecomeamemberofthepolitical　andsocialeliteduringthetwodecades

　　Mycorrhizalfungiinfectmoreplantsthandoany　otherfungiandarenecessaryformanyplantstothrive,buttheyhaveescapedwidespreadinvestigationuntilLinerecentlyfortworeasons.First,thesymbioticassociationissowell-balancedthattherootsofhostplantsshownodamageevenwhendenselyinfected.Second,thefungi　cannotasyetbecultivatedintheabsenceofalivingroot.Despitethesedifficulties,therehasbeenimportant　newworkthatsuggeststhatthissymbioticassociationcanbeharnessedtoachievemoreeconomicaluseof　costlysuperphosphatefertilizerandtopermitbetter　exploitationofcheaper,lesssolublerockphosphate.　Mycorrhizalbenefitsarenotlimitedtoimproved　phosphateuptakeinhostplants.Inlegumes,Mycorrhizalinoculationhasincreasednitrogenfixationbeyondlevelsachievedbyaddingphosphatefertilizer　alone.Certainsymbioticassociationsalsoincreasethe　hostplant‘sresistancetoharmfulrootfungi.

　　8.Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthepassage?

　　（A）Adescriptionofareplicableexperiment

　　（B）Asummaryreportofnewfindings

　　（C）Arecommendationforabandoningadifficult　areaofresearch

　　（D）Arefutationofanearlierhypothesis

　　（E）Aconfirmationofearlierresearch

　　Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply

　　9.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowinghasNOTbeenafactorinfluencingthe　extenttowhichresearchonmycorrhizalfungihas　progressed?

　　ALackofamethodforidentifyingmycorrhizal　fungi

　　BDifficultiessurroundinglaboratoryproductionofspecimensforstudy

　　CDifficultiesensuingfromthehighcostand　scarcityofsuperphosphatefertilizers

　　Itisoneofnature‘sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimiton