外文文献动画.docx

外文文献动画.docx

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外文文献动画

Animation

Animationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2-Dor3-Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision,andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways.Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram,althoughthereareothermethods.

Earlyexamples

AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.

FiveimagessequencefromavasefoundinIran

AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.

Thereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthe"creator"offilmanimation,astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime.

GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial-effectfilms;hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique.Hediscoveredatechniquebyaccidentwhichwastostopthecamerarollingtochangesomethinginthescene,andthencontinuerollingthefilm.Thisideawaslaterknownasstop-motionanimation.Mélièsdiscoveredthistechniqueaccidentallywhenhiscamerabrokedownwhileshootingabusdrivingby.Whenhehadfixedthecamera,ahearsehappenedtobepassingbyjustasMélièsrestartedrollingthefilm,hisendresultwasthathehadmanagedtomakeabustransformintoahearse.Thiswasjustoneofthegreatcontributorstoanimationintheearlyyears.

Theearliestsurvivingstop-motionadvertisingfilmwasanEnglishshortbyArthurMelbourne-CoopercalledMatches:

AnAppeal（1899）.DevelopedfortheBryantandMayMatchstickscompany,itinvolvedstop-motionanimationofwired-togethermatcheswritingapatrioticcalltoactiononablackboard.

J.StuartBlacktonwaspossiblythefirstAmericanfilm-makertousethetechniquesofstop-motionandhand-drawnanimation.Introducedtofilm-makingbyEdison,hepioneeredtheseconceptsattheturnofthe20thcentury,withhisfirstcopyrightedworkdated1900.Severalofhisfilms,amongthemTheEnchantedDrawing（1900）andHumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces（1906）werefilmversionsofBlackton's"lightningartist"routine,andutilizedmodifiedversionsofMéliès'earlystop-motiontechniquestomakeaseriesofblackboarddrawingsappeartomoveandreshapethemselves.'HumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces'isregularlycitedasthefirsttrueanimatedfilm,andBlacktonisconsideredthefirsttrueanimator.

FantasmagoriebyEmileCohl,1908

FollowingthesuccessesofBlacktonandCohl,manyotherartistsbeganexperimentingwithanimation.OnesuchartistwasWinsorMcCay,asuccessfulnewspapercartoonist,whocreateddetailedanimationsthatrequiredateamofartistsandpainstakingattentionfordetail.Eachframewasdrawnonpaper;whichinvariablyrequiredbackgroundsandcharacterstoberedrawnandanimated.AmongMcCay'smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo（1911）,GertietheDinosaur（1914）andTheSinkingoftheLusitania（1918）.

Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms,typicallyreferredtoas"cartoons",becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s,andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters.ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray,who,alongwithanimatorEarlHurd,patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade.

ElApóstol（Spanish:

"TheApostle"）wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation,andtheworld'sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm.

Traditionalanimation

Thetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury.Today,animators'drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects.Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofseveraldeliverymedia,includingtraditional35 mmfilmandnewermediasuchasdigitalvideo.The"look"oftraditionalcelanimationisstillpreserved,andthecharacteranimators'workhasremainedessentiallythesameoverthepast70years.Someanimationproducershaveusedtheterm"tradigital"todescribecelanimationwhichmakesextensiveuseofcomputertechnology.

ExamplesoftraditionallyanimatedfeaturefilmsincludePinocchio（UnitedStates,1940）,AnimalFarm（UnitedKingdom,1954）,andAkira（Japan,1988）.TraditionalanimatedfilmswhichwereproducedwiththeaidofcomputertechnologyincludeTheLionKing（US,1994）SentoChihironoKamikakushi（SpiritedAway）（Japan,2001）,andLesTriplettesdeBelleville（France,2003）.

Fullanimationreferstotheprocessofproducinghigh-qualitytraditionallyanimatedfilms,whichregularlyusedetaileddrawingsandplausiblemovement.Fullyanimatedfilmscanbedoneinavarietyofstyles,frommorerealisticallyanimatedworkssuchasthoseproducedbytheWaltDisneystudio（BeautyandtheBeast,Aladdin,LionKing）tothemore'cartoony'stylesofthoseproducedbytheWarnerBros.animationstudio.ManyoftheDisneyanimatedfeaturesareexamplesoffullanimation,asarenon-DisneyworkssuchasTheSecretofNIMH（US,1982）,TheIronGiant（US,1999）,andNocturna（Spain,2007）.

Limitedanimationinvolvestheuseoflessdetailedand/ormorestylizeddrawingsandmethodsofmovement.PioneeredbytheartistsattheAmericanstudioUnitedProductionsofAmerica,limitedanimationcanbeusedasamethodofstylizedartisticexpression,asinGeraldMcBoingBoing（US,1951）,YellowSubmarine（UK,1968）,andmuchoftheanimeproducedinJapan.Itsprimaryuse,however,hasbeeninproducingcost-effectiveanimatedcontentformediasuchastelevision（theworkofHanna-Barbera,Filmation,andotherTVanimationstudios）andlatertheInternet（webcartoons）。

Rotoscopingisatechnique,patentedbyMaxFleischerin1917,whereanimatorstracelive-actionmovement,framebyframe.Thesourcefilmcanbedirectlycopiedfromactors'outlinesintoanimateddrawings,asinTheLordoftheRings（US,1978）,orusedinastylizedandexpressivemanner,asinWakingLife（US,2001）andAScannerDarkly（US,2006）.Someotherexamplesare:

FireandIce（USA,1983）andHeavyMetal（1981）.

Live-action/animationisatechnique,whencombininghand-drawncharactersintoliveactionshots.OneoftheearlierusesofitwasKokotheClownwhenKokowasdrawnoverliveactionfootage.OtherexampleswouldincludeWhoFramedRogerRabbit（USA,1988）,SpaceJam（USA,1996）andOsmosisJones（USA,2002）.

Computeranimation

AshortgifanimationofEarth

2Danimation

2Danimationfiguresarecreatedand/oreditedonthecomputerusing2Dbitmapgraphicsorcreatedandeditedusing2Dvectorgraphics.Thisincludesautomatedcomputerizedversionsoftraditionalanimationtechniquessuchasof,interpolatedmorphing,onionskinningandinterpolatedrotoscoping.

2Danimationhasmanyapplications,includinganalogcomputeranimation,FlashanimationandPowerPointanimation.CinemagraphsarestillphotographsintheformofananimatedGIFfileofwhichpartisanimated.

3Danimation

3Danimationisdigitallymodeledandmanipulatedbyananimator.Tomanipulateamesh,itisgivenadigitalskeletalstructurethatcanbeusedtocontrolthemesh.Thisprocessiscalledrigging.Variousothertechniquescanbeapplied,suchasmathematicalfunctions（ex.gravity,particlesimulations）,simulatedfurorhair,effectssuchasfireandwaterandtheuseofmotioncapturetonamebutafew,thesetechniquesfallunderthecategoryof3Ddynamics.Well-made3Danimationscanbedifficulttodistinguishfromliveactionandarecommonlyusedasvisualeffectsforrecentmovies.ToyStory（1995,USA）isthefirstfeature-lengthfilmtobecreatedandrenderedentirelyusing3Dgraphics.

Terms

Cel-shadedanimation,isusedtomimictraditionalanimationusingCGsoftware.Shadinglooksstark,withlessblendingcolors.Examplesinclude,Skyland（2007,France）,AppleseedExMachina（2007,Japan）,TheLegendofZelda:

WindWaker（2002,Japan）

Machinima,Filmscreatedbyscreencapturinginvideogamesandvirtualworlds.

Motioncapture,isusedwhenliveactionactorswearspecialsuitsthatallowcomputerstocopytheirmovementsintoCGcharacters.ExamplesincludePolarExpress（2004,USA）,Beowulf（2007,USA）,AChristmasCarol（2009,USA）,TheAdventuresofTintin（2011,USA）

Photorealisticanimation,isusedprimarilyforanimationthatattemptstoresemblereallife.Usingadvancedrenderingthatmakesdetailedskin,plants,water,fire,clouds,etc.tomimicreallife.ExamplesincludeUp（2009,USA）,Kung-FuPanda（2008,USA）,IceAge（2002,USA）.

2Danimationtechniquestendtofocusonimagemanipulationwhile3Dtechniquesusuallybuildvirtualworldsinwhichcharactersandobjectsmoveandinteract.3Danimationcancreateimagesthatseemrealtotheviewer.

Otheranimationtechniques

Drawnonfilmanimation:

atechniquewherefootageisproducedbycreatingtheimagesdirectlyonfilmstock,forexamplebyNormanMcLaren,LenLyeandStanBrakhage.

Paint-on-glassanimation:

atechniqueformakinganimatedfilmsbymanipulatingslowdryingoilpaintsonsheetsofglass,forexamplebyAleksandrPetrov.

Erasureanimation:

atechn