雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习.docx

雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习.docx

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雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习

UnderstandingIELTSGrammar

---SolutiontoLong&ComplicatedSentences

●长难句成因：

“树形结构”：

•修饰成分纷繁复杂

•主从句交织

•特殊句式

●StrategiesforLong&ComplicatedSentences:

一、主从复合句解析

1.名词性从句

2.定语从句

3.状语从句

4.多重复合句

二、特殊结构句式解析

1.分隔结构

2.倒装结构

3.强调结构

4.双重或者多重否定

5.比较结构

一、主从复合句解析

1.名词性从句

1.1主语从句

•Lookingatthepicturemakeshimexperienceasevereattackofnostalgia.

•Forher,awoman,todefyherhusband’sorderwouldbeconsideredaudaciousathertime.

•Whatbothersmeaboutthispointofviewisthatitimpliesthathumanbeings,insomedeepsense,arenotpartofnature.

•Thatheisinlovewithherisnolongerasecret.

主语从句解读方法：

●

●主语从句引导词：

Practice:

（1）Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.

（2）Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.

（3）Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.

（4）Whothewatchbelongstoisunknown.

（5）Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.

（6）Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.

（7）Whatweneedistime.

（8）Whatweneedaregooddoctors.

（9）Whateveryoudidisright.

Example1：

Thatthenineteenth–centuryFrenchnovelistBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinhislifewasanironywhichwasduplicatedinothermatters.

Example2:

Thatsuchradicaladaptationscanoccurdemandsaviewofthebrainasdynamicandactiveratherthanprogrammedandstatic.

Example3:

However,itcannotbedeniedthatitwasSmithwhointroducedsuchatargetforlaternovelists.

FurtherPractice:

1.Itiscommonknowledgethatthefullmoonbringsfairweather.

2.Itisasurprisethatyougavesuchananswertothequestion.

3.Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.

4.Itisprobablethathehasknowneverything.

5.Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.

6.Itmadeusveryhappythatshewassaved

7.Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.

8.ItissaidthatLiHaohasbeentoEurope.

9.Itwasamusingthatarabbitranoutoftheemptyboxonthedesk.

1.2.宾语从句（objectclause）

引导词：

Example1：

Asurveyofnewstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustorepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.

Example2：

Yetnewfindingsinneurosciencesuggestthatthebrainretainsitsabilitytoreorganizeitselfinresponsetoexperienceorinjurythroughoutlife:

afterthelossofsensoryinputfromanamputatedlimb,forexample,adultsareabletolearnnewmotorskillseffectively.

Example3：

ArthistorianKennethClarke,forexample,writingin1973,couldnotacceptthattheMonaLisawasfamousforreasonsotherthanitsinnerqualities.

Example4:

Thestudyonrats,kittens,andmicemay,forinstance,provideaphysiologicalexplanationforwhyinfantanimalsemployintheirplaythesamekindsofbehaviorthattheywilllateruseasadults.

1.3表语从句

引导词：

who,how,when,as,whether

Example：

ThekeyissueinjudgingoverpopulationisnothowmanypeoplecanfitintoanygivenspacebutwhetherEarthcansupplythepopulation’slong-termrequirementforfood,water,andotherresources.

Practice:

Themiracleishowtheyallcooperate,andareintegratedtogether,inthecreationofaself.

1.4同位语从句

Example:

HewassurprisedatthefactthathehadpassedtheIELTSexamination.

先行词：

破解关键：

Example1：

Therewasstillthefaiththatordinarymenaregreaterthanthepowersofnatureorthemechanismsofman’shandsandwillmasterthemallintheend.

Example2:

Thebeliefthatitisharmfultotheblackcommunityforauthorstoexplorethehumanityofourleaderscanhavetroublingeffects.

Example3:

【剑3】Inrecenttimes,scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatyearsofcigarettesmokingvastlyincreasestheriskofdevelopingfatalmedicalconditions.

Example4:

【剑3】Thisattitudealteredwiththerealizationthatmarginalcommunitiescansurviveandadaptinspiteofpartialintegrationintoanotoriouslyfickleworldeconomy.

Practices：

Itakefurthercomfortinthefactthathumanspeciesmanagedtoproduceprettydecentcreativeworkduringthe5000yearsthatpreceded1710,whentheStatueofAnne,theworld’sfirstmoderncopyrightlaw,passedtheBritishparliament.

AccordingtoJames,achild’sfirststepontheroadtoself-understandingcanbeseenastherecognitionthatheorsheexists.[剑9]

2.定语从句

引导词：

Which:

Liketheslaves,womentookliterallythepreambleoftheDeclarationofIndependence,whichstatesthatallmenarecreatedequal.

Librariesmadeeducationpossible，andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries；thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw，whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.

That:

Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblemthatcannotbesolvedinafewhours.

Often,thechildren’sdisagreementsinvolvedastruggleoveratoythatnoneofthemhadplayedwithbeforeorafterthetug-of-war:

thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershipratherthanwantingtoplaywithit.[剑9]

Thereissomething,theyargue,insidethepaintingthatspeakstousall,thatunleashesfeelings,emotion,andrecognition.

关系代词that的省略：

BecausethepotentialtalentJohnhasisobvious,heisgoingtobeelectedasthepresident.

Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.

Who:

ThestudentwhoisansweringthequestionisJohn.

Thepersonwhowashereyesterdayisamusician.

Whom:

InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.

Whose:

Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.

关系副词:

When:

Shewillneverforgetthedaywhenshegotmarried.

Where:

OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewildlifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.

Why:

Givemeonereasonwhyweshouldhelpyou.

复杂定语从句：

介词/介词短语+引导词

ThisisthedeskonwhichIfoundmybook.

Thepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbythetypeofoysterinwhichitdevelopsandbythedepth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoysterlives.

Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.

Hisbookvividlyillustratestheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusiontheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.

Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidethepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.

【剑5】This,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinteractionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehavior.

【剑8】Perhapsforustoday,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusarethefrequencywithwhichearlyencouragementandteachingbyparentsandtutorshadbeneficialeffectsontheintellectual,artisticormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedgreatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencywithwhichabilitieswentunrecognizedbyteachersandschools.

【剑8】Theeasewithwhichtrulygreatideasareacceptedandtakenforgrantedfailstolessentheirsignificance.

3.状语从句

关联词：

破解关键：

Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.

Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.

Eventhoughtheprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarywordsmayvaryovertime,thebasicexemplaryfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.

Sincetheconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrowermustprovideproductsthatsatisfythediscerningeye.

I’mnotlivingwhereIwas.

EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.

IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.

Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.

Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.

Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.

Mostsubstancecontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstance’ssolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid.

4.多重复合句

However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn（1979）suggestthatinfants’developingunderstandingthatmovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.[剑9]

Sincebothrapidandlightrailhaveelectricengines,pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotorexhaustbutfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricity,whichisusuallylocatedoutsidethecity,whereairqualityproblemsarelessserious.

二、特殊结构句式

1.分隔结构

处理原则：

Example:

Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,thequestion（ofwhoismorepowerful）turnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.

Indevelopingcountries,whereatleast10citiesareexpectedtohavemorethan12millionpeoplebytheendofthisdecade,failingtogiveprioritytopublictransportwouldbedisastrous.

Itwilltakeyearsforwhites—includingthosewhothinkofthemselvesasliberals—todiscoverandeliminatetheracistattitudestheyallactuallyhave.

Thirdly,thewaste