长难句讲义Word文档格式.docx
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Translation:
另外,风速会随着海拔的升高而增加,增加树木承受的压力,很明显,正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区变得畸形。
Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.
cease,rite
nevertheless(nevertheless前后是两个并列句)
并列句1:
该句有两个并列谓语
Forexample,(状语)someearlysocieties(主语)ceased(谓语)toconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-being(宾语)andabandoned(谓语)them(宾语),
该句的第一个并列谓语的宾语为不定式结构toconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-being,该不定时结构也包含了一个宾补结构considercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-being
并列句2:
they(主语)retained(谓语)aspartsoftheiroraltradition(状语)themyths(宾语)thathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmired(谓语)them(宾语)fortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.(状语)
themyths是宾语,本应在retained的后面,但是在此句中,却将aspartsoftheiroraltradition提前,这是由于myths后面有个定语从句修饰,而限制性定语从句,一般都是紧跟先行词后面,这样将themyths以及that引导的定语从句都按照正常语序放在as短语前面,就会头重脚轻,而且会引起歧义。
先行词为myths
that(主语)hadgrownup(谓语)aroundtherites(状语)
Translation:
例如,一些早期的社会群体不再认为某些仪式对于他们的生活幸福极为重要,从而抛弃了这些仪式,不过,他们保留了一些围绕宗教仪式所形成的神话故事作为他们口头文学传统的一部分,并且,这些故事并非因为它们的宗教价值而受到赞美,而是因为它们的艺术性而受到欣赏。
Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;
butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;
thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.
film
标志性词:
if,but
状语从句:
1:
Ifthepores(主语)are(系动词)large(表语)
并列句1:
thewater(主语)inthem(状语)willexist(谓语)asdrops(状语)tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold(定语)
难点:
tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold是后置定语,修饰drops
it(主语)willdrainaway(谓语).
状语从句2:
ifthepores(主语)are(系动词)smallenough(表语),
并列句3:
thewater(主语)inthem(状语)willexist(谓语)asthinfilms(状语),toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace(定语)
toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace是后置定语,修饰films
并列句4:
thewater(主语)willbefirmlyheld.(谓语)
如果空隙很大,其中的水会形成水滴,太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力,就会流走;
但如果空隙够小,水会像薄膜一样,太轻无法克服表面张力,从而稳稳地附着在空隙表面上。
Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandtremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.
词汇:
desertification
aswellas
句子分析:
该句为简单句。
Theextremeseriousnessofdesertification(主语)results(谓语)fromthevastareasoflandandtremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected(状语),aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.(状语)
由aswellas连接两个from介宾结构做状语。
拓展:
aswellas以及aswell的用法
翻译:
沙漠化问题异常严重,这是因为有很广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响,而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程,甚至减缓沙漠化的速度都面临着巨大的困难。
Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.
backbone,fluke
however,that,eventhough
主句:
Thestructureofthebackbone(主语)shows(谓语)
宾语从句:
Ambulocetus(主语)swam(谓语)likemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown(状语)
让步状语从句:
eventhoughafluke(主语)wasmissing(谓语)
难点:
宾语从句中套有一个让步状语从句。
不过,从Ambulocetus的脊椎结构上可以看出,即使缺少尾片,它们也能像现代鲸鱼那样通过身体背部的上下摆动来游走。
Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojectorfromhiminsteadofseveral.
projection,projector
that,if,then
He(主语)refused(谓语)todevelopprojectiontechnology(宾语),reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojectorfromhiminsteadofseveral.(状语)
reasoning(动词ing形式)引导的动宾结构作为整个句子的状语。
难点就在于reasoning的宾语是that引导的宾语从句,而且是一个套有一个if条件状语从句的句子。
宾语从句:
exhibitors(主语)wouldpurchase(谓语)onlyonemachine-aprojector(宾语)fromhiminsteadofseveral(状语)
条件状语从句:
ifhe(主语)madeandsold(谓语)projectors(宾语)
他不愿研究投影技术,因为他们认为如果研发并且销售投影机,电影放映者就只会买一台投影机而不是几台。
Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.
because,while
Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,(状语)architecture(主语)employs(谓语)methodsofsupport(宾语)
that,(主语)becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittle(谓语)sincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem
该定语从句修饰先行词(methods),难点在于从句中套有一个because引导的原因状语从句以及since引导的时间状语从句
原因状语从句:
becausethey(主语)arebasedonphysicallaws(谓语)
时间状语从句:
sincepeople(主语)firstdiscovered(谓语)them(宾语)
两个并列句之间是对比关系(while连接的)
evenwhilebuildingmaterials(主语)havechanged(谓语)dramatically(状语)
建筑结构必须达到大小和强度的要求,以实现必要的建筑目的,因此建筑学上采用一些支撑的方法,这些方法都是以物理定律为基础的,尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化,这些支撑的方法却有人们发现它们以来就鲜有变化。
EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.
aquifer,semiarid,
but,that
Estimates(主语)indicate(谓语)thattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron(宾语)
并列句1中包含一个that引导的宾语从句。
theaquifer(主语)contains(谓语)enoughwater(宾语)tofillLakeHuron(状语)
并列句2:
underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion(状语),ratesofadditiontotheaquifer(主语)are(系动词)minimal(表语),amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.(状语)
第二个并列句中,在under引导的介词短语(作状语)中,包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词conditions。
that(主语)presently(状语)exist(谓语)intheregion(状语)
据估计,奥加拉拉蓄水层的含水量足以填满休伦湖,但不幸的是,在目前该地区半干旱的气候条件下,奥加拉拉蓄水层的蓄水能力极低,每年仅半厘米左右。
Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment;
anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplacesupportmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform.
patchiness,organism
that,分号
Manyecologists(主语)nowthink(谓语)thattherelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment(宾语)
并列句1中包含一个that引导的宾语从句
therelativelong-termstabilityofclimaxcommunities(主语)comes(谓语)notfromdiversity(状语)butfromthe“patchiness”oftheenvironment(状语)
anenvironment(主语)thatvariesfromplacetoplacesupport(谓语)morekindsoforganisms(宾语)thananenvironmentthatisuniform(状语)
并列句2中套有一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词environment;
且在句末的比较状语中也套有一个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词environment。
定语从句1:
that(主语)varies(谓语)fromplacetoplace(状语)
定语从句2:
that(主语)is(系动词)uniform(表语)
现在很多科学家们认为顶级群落相对长期稳定性并非来自于多样性,而是来自环境的“补缀”,随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的存在。
Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.
browse,huckleberry,vinemaple,game
inadditionto
Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple(状语),ArthurEinarsen(主语),longtimegamebiologist(同位语)inthePacificNorthwest,found(谓语)qualityofbrowse(宾语)intheopenareas(状语)tobesubstantiallymorenutritive.(宾语补足语)
单词较偏僻,譬如对browse和game的理解。
除了找到像黑果木和藤枫这种适合的草料以外,长期在太平洋西北部游猎的生物学家ArthurEinarsen发现空地上高质量的草料能够提供更多的营养。
Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.
contemporary,depict
that,if
Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,(状语)UpperPaleolithicmenandwomen(主语)believed(谓语)thatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,(宾语)
宾语从句1:
thedrawingofahumanimage(主语)couldcause(谓语)deathorinjury(宾语)
ifthatwereindeedtheirbelief(状语),it(主语)mightexplain(谓语)whyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart(宾语)
并列句2中有一个if引导的状语从句和why引导的宾语从句。
ifthat(主语)were(系动词)indeed(状语)theirbelief(表语)
宾语从句2:
whyhumanfigures(主语)arerarelydepicted(谓语)incaveart(状语)
也许像很多现代人一样,旧石器时代末期的男人和女人相信画人类画像可能会招致死亡和受伤,并且如果这确实是他们的想法,那么可能就可以解释为什么人类画像很少在岩洞艺术中被表现出来。
Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits’settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.
sedimentation,organic
which
主句为并列谓语。
Continuedsedimentation(主语)—theprocessofdeposits’settlingontheseabottom(插入语)—buries(谓语)theorganicmatter(宾语)andsubjects(谓语)it(宾语)tohighertemperaturesandpressures(状语),whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.
修饰先行词temperaturesandpressures
which(主语)convert(谓语)theorganicmatter(宾语)tooilandgas(状语).
持续的沉积作用——沉积物沉淀到海洋底部的过程——掩埋了有机物并且使之承受高温高压,这些高温高压使这些有机物转化为石油和气体。
Thisscenariob