英语语法长难句讲义.docx

英语语法长难句讲义.docx

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英语语法长难句讲义

2015考研英语基础班讲义

（语法长难句部分）

考研英语长难句解析

一、考研英语长难句之定语从句

一、定语从句

　　定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。

在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。

对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。

此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。

例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.（1996年真题）

例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise插入语或隐性定,market-orientedeconomy分译inwhich在这种经济中consumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.合译

例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.

例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.

例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.

例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.

例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.

例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.（2005年真题）

二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句

例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdaysago.观众从网上知道了这则消息：

几天前，西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事故。

例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.她和她男朋友私奔的谣言根本站不住脚，

例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.（2009年第3篇）在贫穷国家，为了促进经济的快速发展，教育应该是最优先考虑的方面之一，然而这个传统的观点是错的。

三、考研英语长难句之倒装句

倒装（inversion）是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。

英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。

　　倒装有两种。

将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装（completeinversion）。

如Thenbeganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。

只将助动词（包括情态动词）移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装（partialinversion）。

如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口无时无人把守。

　　英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。

前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

　　例1介词短语提前（Amongtheadvantages（thatfuturebiochips,or“livingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchips）（that定从）are（thattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation）that主语从句,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.

例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope（thehopegrows）,forthefirsttimeinhistory（插入语）,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.

注意：

调整语序，加强语气。

以Therebe引出的倒装句

a.Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.

b.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.

c.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistance.

以副词here,there,then,now,next引出的倒装句

a.Herecometherestoftheparty.

b.Nowcomesyourturn.

c.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewcompound.

d.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.

以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句

a.Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.

b.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.

c.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.

主语为代词时，不用倒装

Behindthecounterhestood.

Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.

以表方位的副词引出的倒装句

a.Upwentthearrowintotheair.

b.Downfelladozenapples.

c.Offwentthehorse.

not短语置于句首

a.Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.

b.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.

c.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.

d.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.

no短语置于句首

a.Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.

b.Innowayarecanweallowthistocontinue.

c.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.

d.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.

e.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.

f.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.

g.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.

only置于句首

a.Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.

b.Onlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.

c.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.

比较状语从句中的倒装

a.HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.

b.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.

c.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.

让步状语从句中的倒装

a.Smallasatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.

b.Complexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.

c.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tunderstand.

d.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.

e.Vaguethoughitscategory（is）,itiswithoutdoubtanessay.

f.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.

四、考研英语长难句之被动语态

1.变为汉语的主动形式

e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:

theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.

e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：

itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.

e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

e.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.

2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：

“是…的”，“由…的”等。

e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.

e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.

3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。

e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.

e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.

e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.

e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.

4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。

e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise.

e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

综合例题：

Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.（2007年真题）

五、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构

1.Itis+adjective/noun+clause

注意：

先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。

a.Soitisquitesad-形式主语（whendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.）

b.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.

c.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.

2.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto

注意：

先翻不定式部分，再翻形容词部分。

a.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.

b.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignlanguages.

c.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.

3.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause

注意：

先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。

a.ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.

b.Itissaidthat

c.Itisbelievedthat

d.Itisrumoredthat

e.Itisestimatedthat

f.Itisknownthat

g.Itisarguedthat

六、考研英语长难句之强调句型

例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemand（ofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes）thattogetherdetermine（whatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.被动句）

七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构

　　英语常用并列连词，如：

and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:

..butalso,either…or或neither…nor以及所有并列连词，比较连词（morethan/notmorethanetc）等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。

连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。

　　例1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalities要素tobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedand（然而）（thetestswork）leasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.（1995年真题）

　　例2Astrophysicists