剑桥雅思8第三套精彩试题阅读部分PASSAGE3.docx

剑桥雅思8第三套精彩试题阅读部分PASSAGE3.docx

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剑桥雅思8第三套精彩试题阅读部分PASSAGE3

剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE3-阅读真题原文部分:

　　READINGPASSAGE3 

　　Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27—40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpages.

　　Questions27-32

　　ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs,A-G.

　　ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.

　　Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes27-32onyouranswersheet.

　　ListofHeadings

　　iThebiologicalclock

　　iiWhydyingisbeneficial

　　iiiTheageingprocessofmenandwomen

　　ivProlongingyourlife

　　vLimitationsoflifespan

　　viModesofdevelopmentofdifferentspecies

　　viiAstablelifespandespiteimprovements

　　viiiEnergyconsumption

　　ixFundamentaldifferencesinageingofobjectsandorganisms

　　xRepairofgeneticmaterial

　　ExampleAnswer

　　ParagraphAv

 　　27 ParagraphB

　　28 ParagraphC

　　29 ParagraphD

　　30 ParagraphE

　　31 ParagraphF

　　32 ParagraphG

HOWDOESTHEBIOLOGICALCLOCKTICK?

　　A Ourlifespanisrestricted.Everyoneacceptsthisas'biologically'obvious.'Nothinglivesforever!

'However,inthisstatementwethinkofartificiallyproduced,technicalobjects,productswhicharesubjectedtonaturalwearandtearduringuse.Thisleadstotheresultthatatsometimeorothertheobjectstopsworkingandisunusable（'death'inthebiologicalsense）.Butarethewearandtearandlossoffunctionoftechnicalobjectsandthedeathoflivingorganismsreallysimilarorcomparable?

　　B Our'dead'productsare'static',closedsystems.Itisalwaysthebasicmaterialwhichconstitutestheobjectandwhich,inthenaturalcourseofthings,isworndownandbecomes'older'.Ageinginthiscasemustoccuraccordingtothelawsofphysicalchemistryandofthermodynamics.Althoughthesamelawholdsforalivingorganism,theresultofthislawisnotinexorableinthesameway.Atleastaslongasabiologicalsystemhastheabilitytorenewitselfitcouldactuallybecomeolderwithoutageing;anorganismisanopen,dynamicsystemthroughwhichnewmaterialcontinuouslyflows.Destructionofoldmaterialandformationofnewmaterialarethusinpermanentdynamicequilibrium.Thematerialofwhichtheorganismisformedchangescontinuously.Thusourbodiescontinuouslyexchangeoldsubstancefornew,justlikeaspringwhichmoreorlessmaintainsitsformandmovement,butinwhichthewatermoleculesarealwaysdifferent.

　　C Thusageinganddeathshouldnotbeseenasinevitable,particularlyastheorganismpossessesmanymechanismsforrepair.Itisnot,inprinciple,necessaryforabiologicalsystemtoageanddie.Nevertheless,arestrictedlifespan,ageing,andthendeatharebasiccharacteristicsoflife.Thereasonforthisiseasytorecognise:

innature,theexistentorganismseitheradaptorareregularlyreplacedbynewtypes.Becauseofchangesinthegeneticmaterial（mutations）thesehavenewcharacteristicsandinthecourseoftheirindividuallivestheyaretestedforoptimalorbetteradaptationtotheenvironmentalconditions.Immortalitywoulddisturbthissystem-itneedsroomfornewandbetterlife.Thisisthebasicproblemofevolution.

　　D Everyorganismhasalifespanwhichishighlycharacteristic.Therearestrikingdifferencesinlifespanbetweendifferentspecies,butwithinonespeciestheparameterisrelativelyconstant.Forexample,theaveragedurationofhumanlifehashardlychangedinthousandsofyears.Althoughmoreandmorepeopleattainanadvancedageasaresultofdevelopmentsinmedicalcareandbetternutrition,thecharacteristicupperlimitformostremains80years.Afurtherargumentagainstthesimplewearandteartheoryistheobservationthatthetimewithinwhichorganismsageliesbetweenafewdays（evenafewhoursforunicellularorganisms）andseveralthousandyears,aswithmammothtrees.

　　E Ifalifespanisageneticallydeterminedbiologicalcharacteristic,itislogicallynecessarytoproposetheexistenceofaninternalclock,whichinsomewaymeasuresandcontrolstheageingprocessandwhichfinallydeterminesdeathasthelaststepinafixedprogramme.Likethelifespan,themetabolicratehasfordifferentorganismsafixedmathematicalrelationshiptothebodymass.Incomparisontothelifespanthisrelationshipis'inverted':

thelargertheorganismtheloweritsmetabolicrate.Againthisrelationshipisvalidnotonlyforbirds,butalso,similarlyonaveragewithinthesystematicunit,forallotherorganisms（plants,animals,unicellularorganisms）.

　　FAnimalswhichbehave'frugally'withenergybecomeparticularlyold,forexample,crocodilesandtortoises.Parrotsandbirdsofpreyareoftenheldchainedup.Thustheyarenotableto'experiencelife'andsotheyattainahighlifespanincaptivity.Animalswhichsaveenergybyhibernationorlethargy（e.g.batsorhedgehogs）livemuchlongerthanthosewhicharealwaysactive.Themetabolicrateofmicecanbereducedbyaverylowconsumptionoffood（hungerdiet）.Theythenmaylivetwiceaslongastheirwellfedcomrades.Womenbecomedistinctly（about10percent）olderthanmen.Ifyouexaminethemetabolicratesofthetwosexesyouestablishthatthehighermalemetabolicrateroughlyaccountsforthelowermalelifespan.Thatmeansthattheylivelife'energetically'-moreintensively,butnotforaslong.

　　G Itfollowsfromtheabovethatsparinguseofenergyreservesshouldtendtoextendlife.Extremehighperformancesportsmayleadtooptimalcardiovascularperformance,buttheyquitecertainlydonotprolonglife.Relaxationlowersmetabolicrate,asdoesadequatesleepandingeneralanequableandbalancedpersonality.Eachofuscandevelophisorherown'energysavingprogramme'withalittleself-observation,criticalself-controland,aboveall,logicalconsistency.Experiencewillshowthattoliveinthiswaynotonlyincreasesthelifespanbutisalsoveryhealthy.Thisfinalaspectshouldnotbeforgotten.

　　Questions33-36

　　Completethenotesbelow.

　　ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes33-36onyouranswersheet.

　　•Objectsageinaccordancewithprinciplesof33………………  andof34………………

　　•Throughmutations,organismscan35……………… bettertotheenvironment

　　•36………………wouldposeaseriousproblemforthetheoryofevolution

　　Questions37-40

　　DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Inboxes37-40onyouranswersheet,write

　　YES         ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

　　NO          ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

　　NOTGIVEN   ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

　　37 Thewearandteartheoryappliestobothartificialobjectsandbiologicalsystems.

　　38 Inprinciple,itispossibleforabiologicalsystemtobecomeolderwithoutageing.

　　39 Withinsevenyears,about90percentofahumanbodyisreplacedasnew.

　　40 Conservingenergymayhelptoextendahuman'slife.

READINGPASSAGE3 

　　篇章结构

体裁

说明文

主题

生物钟如何工作?

结构

A段：

万物都有损耗

　　B段：

物品变旧与生物衰老的本质区别

　　C段：

死亡的原理

　　D段：

人类的平均寿命大致恒定

　　E段：

生物钟控制寿命

　　F段：

能量消耗是关键

　　G段：

节约能耗可以延年益寿

　　解题地图

　　难度系数：

★★★★

　　解题顺序：

LISTOFHEADINGS→NOTECOMPLETION→YES/NO/NOTGIVEN

　　友情提示：

本文的YES/NO/NOTGIVEN可以利用题干中出现的以下表达来猜测答案，一定要记住这些表达一般是选YES或TRUE的标志：

　　possible/probable/likely

　　seemto/appearto

　　may/could/can

　　notall/notalways/notnecessarily

　　必背词汇

　　1.lifespan寿命

　　Captivityvastlyreducesthelifespanofwhales.圈养大大缩短了鲸鱼的寿命。

　　Thelifespanofhumanbeinghasbeenconsiderablyprolongedthankstotheadvancesinmedicine.

　　由于医学的进步，人类的寿命被大大延长了。

　　2.artificialadj.人工的（adv.artificially）

　　artificiallight人造光

　　artificialfertilizer化肥

　　anartificialsmile一抹假笑

　　Foodpricesarebeingkeptartificiallylow.食品价格被人为控制得很低。

　　3.wearandtear磨损

　　Checktheequipmentforwearandtear.看看机器的磨损情况。

　　4.staticadj.静止的，静态的

　　Economistspredictthathousepriceswillremainstaticforalongperiod.

　　经济学家预测房价会在很长一段时间内保持稳定。

　　Astaticimageappearedonthescreen.屏幕上出现了一幅静态图像。

　　5.inexorableadj.无情的，不可阻挡的

　　NothingstopstheinexorabledeclineofBritain'smanufacturingindustry.

　　什么也阻止不了英国制造业的无情衰退。

　　Thepolicefoundtheirprecautionsuselessbeforetheseeminglyinexorableriseincrime.

　　犯罪率疯狂增长，警察发现他们的预防措施不起作用。

　　6.equilibriumn.均衡：

平静

　　Thegovernmentisanxiousnottoupsettheeconomicequilibrium.政府渴望着不去打破经济的平衡。

　　Shestruggledtorecoverherequilibrium.她努力想恢复平静。

　　7.mechanismn.机制，原理

　　Whenapersonisill,thebody'snaturaldefensemechanismscomeintooperation.

　　当人生病时，身体的天然防御系统就开始运作。

　　Themechanismofthebrainisyettobefurtherexplored.大脑机制还有待进一步探究。

　　8.existentadj.存在的

　　Intheexistentcircumstances，itisimpossible.在现有环境中，这是不可能的。

　　Theymadeanattempttorefinetheexistentsystemtomakeitmoreefficient.

　　他们努力尝试改善现存体系以使其更有效率。

　　9.optimaladj.最佳的，最理想的

　　Theymadecomparisonsbetweeneverypossiblechoiceinordertomaketheoptimalchoice.

　　他们对每个可能选项都进行了对比以便做出最佳选择。

　　theoptimalgrowthtemperature最适合生长的温度

　　10.parametern.参数，系数

　　TheinquiryhastostaywithintheparameterslaiddownbyCongress.

　　调查必须在国会设定好的范围内展开。

　　11.internaladj.内部的，内在的，国内的

　　Wehavenointerestininterferingintheinternalaffairsofothercountries.我们无意干涉别国内政。

　　There'stobeaninternalinquiryintothewholeaffair.针对整个事件将会进行内部调查。

　　12.frugaladj.节俭的，朴素的

　　Aschildrenweweretaughttobefrugalandhard-working.我们在孩提时被教导要勤俭节约，努力工作。

　　Heledaremarkablyfrugalexistence.他的生活极其俭朴。

　　13.reserven.储备，储存

　　SomehowDebbiemaintainedaninnerreserveofstrength.不知怎地，Debbie身上蕴含着一种不知名的韧劲儿。

　　Wealwayskeep