the Declaration of independence.docx

the Declaration of independence.docx

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theDeclarationofindependence

THEDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCE

THEUNANIMOUSDECLARATIONOFTHETHIRTEENUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA

WhenintheCourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbandswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassumeamongthePowersoftheearth,theseparateandequalstationtowhichtheLawsofNatureandofNature'sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.

Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.

Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned.

ThatwheneveranyFormofGovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistheRightofthePeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewGovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirSafetyandHappiness.Prudence,indeed,willdictatethatGovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransientcauses;andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshown,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObject,evincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.

SuchhasbeenthepatientsufferanceoftheseColonies;andsuchisnowthenecessitywhichconstrainsthemtoaltertheirformerSystemsofGovernment.ThehistoryofthepresentKingofGreatBritainisahistoryofrepeatedinjuriesandusurpations,allhavingindirectobjecttheestablishmentofanabsoluteTyrannyovertheseStates.Toprovethis,letFactsbesubmittedtoacandidworld.

HehasrefusedhisAssenttoLaws,themostwholesomeandnecessaryforthepublicgood.

HehasforbiddenhisGovernorstopassLawsofimmediateandpressingimportance,unlesssuspendedintheiroperationtillhisAssentshouldbeobtained;andwhensosuspended,hehasutterlyneglectedtoattendtothem.

HehasrefusedtopassotherLawsfortheaccommodationoflargedistrictsofpeople,unlessthosepeoplewouldrelinquishtherightofRepresentationintheLegislature,arightinestimabletothemandformidabletotyrantsonly.

Hehascalledtogetherlegislativebodiesatplacesunusual,uncomfortable,anddistantfromthedepositoryoftheirpublicRecords,forthesolepurposeoffatiguingthemintocompliancewithhismeasures.

HehasdissolvedRepresentativeHousesrepeatedly,foropposingwithmanlyfirmnesshisinvasionsontherightsofthepeople.

Hehasrefusedforalongtime,aftersuchdissolutions,tocauseotherstobeelected;wherebytheLegislativepowers,incapableof

Annihilation,havereturnedtothePeopleatlargefortheirexercise;theStateremaininginthemeantimeexposedtoallthedangersofinvasionfromwithout,andconvulsionswithin.

HehasendeavouredtopreventthepopulationoftheseStates;forthatpurposeobstructingtheLawsofNaturalizationofForeigners;refusingtopassotherstoencouragetheirmigrationshither,andraisingtheconditionsofnewAppropriationsofLands.

HehasobstructedtheAdministrationofJustice,byrefusinghis

AssenttoLawsforestablishingJudiciarypowers.

HehasmadeJudgesdependentonhisWillalone,forthetenureoftheiroffices,andtheamountandpaymentoftheirsalaries.

HehaserectedamultitudeofNewOffices,andsenthitherswarmsofOfficerstoharassourPeople,andeatouttheirsubstance.

Hehaskeptamongus,intimesofpeace,StandingArmieswithouttheConsentofourlegislatures.

HehasaffectedtorendertheMilitaryindependentofandsuperiortotheCivilpower.

Hehascombinedwithotherstosubjectustoajurisdictionforeigntoourconstitution,andunacknowledgedbyourlaws;givinghisAssenttotheirActsofpretendedLegislation:

Forquarteringlargebodiesofarmedtroopsamongus:

Forprotectingthem,byamockTrial,fromPunishmentforanyMurderswhichtheyshouldcommitontheInhabitantsoftheseStates:

ForcuttingoffourTradewithallpartsoftheworld:

ForimposingTaxesonuswithoutourConsent:

Fordeprivingusinmanycases,ofthebenefitsofTrialbyJury:

FortransportingusbeyondSeastobetriedforpretendedoffences:

ForabolishingthefreeSystemofEnglishLawsinaneighbouringProvince,establishingthereinanArbitrarygovernment,andenlargingitsBoundariessoastorenderitatonceanexampleandfitinstrumentforintroducingthesameabsoluteruleintotheseColonies:

FortakingawayourCharters,abolishingourmostvaluableLaws,andalteringfundamentallytheFormsofourGovernments:

ForsuspendingourownLegislatures,anddeclaringthemselvesinvestedwithpowertolegislateforusinallcaseswhatsoever.

HehasabdicatedGovernmenthere,bydeclaringusoutofhisProtectionandwagingWaragainstus.

Hehasplunderedourseas,ravagedourCoasts,burntourtowns,anddestroyedtheLivesofourpeople.

Heisatthistimetransportinglargearmiesofforeignmercenariestocompleattheworksofdeath,desolationandtyranny,alreadybegunwithcircumstancesofCruelty&perfidyscarcelyparalleledinthemostbarbarousages,andtotallyunworthytheHeadofacivilizednation.

HehasconstrainedourfellowCitizenstakenCaptiveonthehighSeastobearArmsagainsttheirCountry,tobecometheexecutionersoftheirfriendsandBrethren,ortofallthemselvesbytheirHands.

Hehasexciteddomesticinsurrectionsamongstus,andhasendeavouredtobringontheinhabitantsofourfrontiers,themercilessIndianSavages,whoseknownruleofwarfare,isanundistinguisheddestructionofallages,sexesandconditions.

IneverystageoftheseOppressionsWehavePetitionedforRedressinthemosthumbleterms:

OurrepeatedPetitionshavebeenansweredonlybyrepeatedinjury.APrince,whosecharacteristhusmarkedbyeveryactwhichmaydefineaTyrant,isunfittobetherulerofafreepeople.

NorhaveWebeenwantinginattentiontoourBritishbrethren.Wehavewarnedthemfromtimetotimeofattemptsbytheirlegislaturetoextendanunwarrantablejurisdictionoverus.Wehaveremindedthemofthecircumstancesofouremigrationandsettlementhere.Wehaveappealedtotheirnativejusticeandmagnanimity,andwehaveconjuredthembythetiesofourcommonkindredtodisavowtheseusurpations,whichwouldinevitablyinterruptourconnectionsandcorrespondence.Theytoohavebeendeaftothevoiceofjusticeandofconsanguinity.Wemust,therefore,acquiesceinthenecessity,whichdenouncesourSeparation,andholdthem,asweholdtherestofmankind,EnemiesinWar,inPeaceFriends.

We,therefore,theRepresentativesoftheunitedStatesofAmerica,inGeneralCongress,Assembled,appealingtotheSupremeJudgeoftheworldfortherectitudeofourintentions,do,intheName,andbyAuthorityofthegoodPeopleoftheseColonies,solemnlypublishanddeclare,ThattheseUnitedColoniesare,andofRightoughttobeFreeandIndependentStates;thattheyareAbsolvedfromall

AllegiancetotheBritishCrown,andthatallpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isandoughttobetotallydissolved;andthatasFreeandIndependentStates,theyhavefullPowertolevyWar,concludePeace,contractAlliances,establishCommerce,andtodoallotherActsandThingswhichIndependentStatesmayofrightdo.AndforthesupportofthisDeclaration,withafirmrelianceontheProtectionofDivineProvidence,wemutuallypledgetoeachotherourLives,ourFortunesandoursacredHonor.

JOHNHANCOCK,President

Attested,CHARLESTHOMSON,Secretary

NewHampshire:

JOSIAHBARTLETT,WILLIAMWHIPPLE,MATTHEWTHORNTON

Massachusetts-Bay:

SAMUELADAMS,JOHNADAMS,ROBERTTREATPAINE,ELBRIDGEGERRY

RhodeIsland:

STEPHENHOPKINS,WILLIAMELLERY

Connecticut:

ROGERSHERMAN,SAMUELHUNTINGTON,WILLIAMWILLIAMS,OLIVERWOLCOTT

Georgia:

BUTTONGWINNETT,LYMANHALL,GEO.WALTON

Maryland:

SAMUELCHASE,WILLIAMPACA,THOMASSTONE,CHARLESCARROLLOFCARROLLTON

Virginia:

GEORGEWYTHE,RICHARDHENRYLEE,THOMASJEFFERSON,BENJAMINHARRISON,THOMASNELSON,JR.,FRANCISLIGHTFOOTLEE,CARTERBRAXTON.

NewYork:

WILLIAMFLOYD,PHILIPLIVINGSTON,FRANCISLEWIS,LEWISMORRIS

Pennsylvania:

ROBERTMORRIS,BENJAMINRUSH,BENJAMINFRANKLIN,JOHNMORTON,GEORGECLYMER,JAMESSMITH,GEORGETAYLOR,JAMESWILSON,GEORGEROSS

Delaware:

CAESARRODNEY,GEORGEREAD,THOMASM'KEAN

NorthCarolina:

WILLIAMHOOPER,JOSEPHHEWES,JOHNPENN

SouthCarolina:

EDWARDRUTLEDGE,THOMASHEYWARD,JR.,THOMASLYNCH,JR.,ARTHURMIDDLETON

NewJersey:

RICHARDSTOCKTON,JOHNWITHERSPOON,FRANCISHOPKINS,JOHNHART,ABRAHAMCLARK

独立宣言

[美]托马斯.杰非逊

1776年7月4日，美利坚合众国十三州议会一致通过的宣言。

在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：

人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。

任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。

新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。

若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。

过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。

然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。

这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。

当今大不列颠王国的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。

为了证明上述句句属实