英国文学选读一复习重点.docx

英国文学选读一复习重点.docx

《英国文学选读一复习重点.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英国文学选读一复习重点.docx（18页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英国文学选读一复习重点

1.GeorgeMeredith

●anEnglishnovelistandpoet.

●Oneoftheforerunnersofthecontemporarynovels.

●Hiswritingwascharacterizedbyafascinationwithimageryandindirectreferences

●ModernLove《现代爱情》oneofthefirstpsychologicalpoems.

●EssayonComedy《喜剧的观念及其精神的效用》akeenunderstandingofcomedy

●DianaoftheCrossways克劳斯威的黛安娜

●TheOrdealofRichardFeverel《理查·弗维莱尔的苦难》

TheEgoist《利己主义者》

●tragicomicalnovelrealistnovel

●thenovelpresentsanironicsubversionoftexts（文本的颠覆）thathadshapedthepatternofVictorianfemininity（柔弱性）

●thedifficultyOfbeingawomaninVictorianera

●theturningpointinGeorgeMeredith‘scareer

TheVictorianera

TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomreferstoQueenVictoria'srulewhichbeganinJune1837andconcludedinJanuary1901.UndertheruleofQueenVictoria,theBritishpeopleenjoyedalongperiodofprosperity.ProfitsgainedfromtheoverseasBritishEmpire,aswellasfromindustrialimprovementsathome,allowedalarge,educatedmiddleclasstodevelop.

Satire

Satireisoftenstrictlydefinedasaliterarygenreorform;Insatire,humanorindividualvices,follies（罪恶）,abuses（陋习）,orshortcomingsaregatheredtogetherbymeansofridicule,derision（嘲弄）,irony,orothermethods,ideallywiththeintenttobringaboutimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobefunny,thepurposeofsatireisnotprimarilyhumorinitselfsomuchasanattackonsomethingofwhichtheauthorstronglydisapproves,usingtheweaponofwit.Acommon,almostdefiningfeatureofsatireisitsstrongveinofirony（反语）orsarcasm（挖苦，讽刺）.

Tragicomicalnovel

Tragicomicalnovelisfictionalworkthatblendaspectsofthegenresoftragedyandcomedy.InEnglishliterature,fromShakespeare'stimetothenineteenthcentury,tragicomedyreferstoaseriousplaywithahappyending）.

Realism

Realismisanaestheticmodewhichbrokewiththeclassicaldemandsofarttoshowlifeasitshouldbeinordertoshowlife“asitis.”Theworkofrealistarttendstoavoidtheelevated（崇高的）subjectmatteroftragedyinfavouroftheordinary,theaverage,thecommonplace,themiddleclassesandtheirdailystruggleswiththemeanverities（一般的事实）ofeverydayexistence——thesearethetypicalsubjectmattersofrealism.　（平常人的平常生活）。

Therealismnovel

Therealismnovelfirstdevelopedinthe19thcenturyandistheformweassociatewiththeworkofwriterssuchasAusten,Balzac,GeorgeEliotandTolstoy.AccordingtoBarthes,thenarrativeorplotofarealistnovelisstructuredaroundanopeningenigma难解之事whichthrowstheconventionalculturalandpracticesintoconfusion.Therealistnoveldrivestowardthefinalre-establishmentofharmonyandthusre-assuresthereaderthatthevaluesystemofsignsandculturalpracticeswhichheorsheshareswiththeauthorisnotindanger.

Thepoliticalaffiliation（政治关联明显）oftherealistnovelisthusevident;intryingtoshowustheworldasitis（真实的世界）,itoftenreaffirms,inthelastinstance,thewaythingsare（事物的本真）.现实主义文艺的基本创作方法之一，侧重如实地反映现实生活，客观性较强。

它提倡客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。

2．ThomasHardy

●anEnglishnovelist,shortstorywriter,andpoetofthenaturalistmovement/describecharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassionsandcircumstances

●UndertheGreenwoodTree绿荫下

●FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣

●TheReturnoftheNative还乡

●TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长

●TessoftheD'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝

●JudetheObscure无名的裘德

●WessexPoems威塞克斯诗集

●Fateplaysabigroleasthethematicbasisformanyofhisnovels.

●Charactersareconstantlyencounteringcrossroads,whicharesymbolicofapointofopportunityandtransition

●Hepaintsavividpictureofrurallifeinthenineteenthcentury

●Hisheroesandheroinesareoftenalienatedfromsocietyandrarelybecomereadmittedintoit.

●Hetendstoemphasisetheimpersonaland,generally,negativepowersoffate

●Hismasteryliesinthecreationofnaturalsurroundings

Tessofthed'Urbervilles:

APureWomanFaithfullyPresented

●Majorcharacters

TessDurbeyfield—Theprotagonist,eldestdaughterinapoorruralworkingfamily;afresh,prettycountrygirl

AngelClare—Thesonofaclergyman;Tess'shusbandandtruelove.Heconsidershimselfafreethinker,buthisnotionsofmoralityturnouttobefairlyconventional:

herejectsTessontheirweddingnightwhensheconfessesthatsheisn'tavirgin,eventhoughhe,too,hasengagedinpremaritalsex.HeworksattheTalbothay'sdairytogainpracticalexperiencebecausehehopestobuyafarmofhisown

AlecStoke-d'Urberville—ThelibertinesonofSimonStokeandMrs.d'Urberville.HeeitherrapesorseducesTesswhensheisnomorethanseventeenyearsold,andlaterpursuesherrelentlesslyuntilsheagreestobecomehismistressagain.

Themes

●acheofmodernism

●Hardydescribesmodernfarmmachinery（农业机械）withinfernal（可恨的）imagery

●Angel‘smiddle-classfastidiousness（严格）makeshimrejectTess,awomanwhomHardyoftenportraysasasortofWessexEve,inharmonywiththenaturalworldandsolovelyanddesirablethatHardyhimselfseemstobeinlovewithher.

●thesexualdoublestandardtowhichTessfallsvictim—despitebeing,inHardy‘sview,atrulygoodwoman,sheisdespised（鄙视）bysocietyafterlosinghervirginitybeforemarriage.HardyplaystheroleofTess’sonlytruefriendandadvocate,pointedlysubtitlingthebook“apurewomanfaithfullypresented”.

Naturalism

Naturalismisamovementintheatre,film,andliteraturethatseekstorepeat/copyabelievableeverydayreality,asopposedtosuchmovementsasRomanticisminwhichsubjectsmayreceivehighlysymbolic,idealistic,orevensupernaturaltreatment.NaturalisticwriterswereinfluencedbytheevolutiontheoryofCharlesDarwin.Theybelievedthatone'sheredityandsocialenvironmentdecideone'scharacter.Naturalisticworksexposedthedarkharshnessoflife,includingpoverty,racism,sex,prejudice,disease,prostitution（堕落）,filth（污秽）,etc.Theywereoftenverypessimisticandfrequentlycriticizedforbeingtooblunt.Naturalismalsoattemptstodetermine“scientifically”theunderlyingforces（i.e.theenvironmentorheredity）influencingthesesubjects‘actions.Theyarebothopposedtoromanticism,inwhichsubjectsmayreceivehighlysymbolic,idealistic,orevensupernaturaltreatment.Naturalisticworksoftenincludeuncouth（粗野的）subjectmatter

3OscarWilde

●AnIrishplaywright,novelist,poet

●LadyWindermetre’sfan温莎夫人的扇子

●Awomanodnoimportance无足轻重的女人

●Theimportanceofearnest认真的重要性

●ThepictureofDorianGray道林格雷的画像

AnIdealHusband

●comedicstageplay

●Anidealhusband”—amodelspouseinbothprivateandpubliclifethatshecanworship:

hemustremainunimpeachableinallhisdecisions.

Artforart'ssake

ItistheusualEnglishversionofaFrenchslogan,fromtheearly19thcentury,andexpressesaphilosophythattheintrinsicvalue（真实价值）ofart,andtheonly”true“art,isdivorcedfromanydidactic（学究式的）,moralorutilitarianfunction.Suchworksaresometimesdescribedas”autotelic“（自己本身具有目的的，艺术创作有其自身的目的）,“completeinitself”,aconceptthathasbeenexpandedtoembrace”inner-directed（不随俗的，有主见的）"or"self-motivated"humanbeings.Artshouldbeindependentofallclaptrap（讨好的言语或行为）—shouldstandalone[...]andappealtotheartisticsenseofeyeorear,withoutconfounding（混淆）thiswithemotionsentirelyforeigntoit,asdevotion,pity,love,patriotismandthelike.

theAestheticmovement

TheAestheticMovementisalooselydefinedmovementinliterature,fineart,thedecorativearts,andinterior（内部装饰）designinlaternineteenth-centuryBritain.IttookplaceinthelateVictorianperiodfromaround1868to1901,andisgenerallyconsideredtohaveendedwiththetrialofOscarWilde.Oneofitstenets（信条）beingtomakeanartoflife.

4GeorgeBernardShaw

●anIrishplaywright

●dramadesignedtoheightenawarenessofsomeimportantsocialissue

●FabianSociety.ItisaBritishintellectualsocialistmovement,whosepurposeistoadvancetheprinciplesofSocialdemocracyviagradualistandreformist,ratherthanrevolutionarymeans.

●NobelPrizeforLiterature（1925）andanOscar（1938）.

●TheBlackGirlinSearchofGodandSomeLesserTales

●PlaysUnpleasantwereintended,toraiseawarenessofsocialproblemsandtocensure（责难）exploitationofthelaboringclassbytheunproductiverich.Widowers'Houses（1892）《鳏夫的房产》ThePhilanderer（1898）花花公子MrsWarren'sProfession《华伦夫人的职业》

●TheDevil'sDisciple（1897）魔鬼的门徒

●CaesarandCleopatra（1898）凯撒和克娄巴特拉

●CaptainBrassbound'sConversion（1899）卡希尔·拜伦的职业

●SaintJoan圣女贞德

●Quintessence（精粹）ofIbsenism

Widowers'Houses

●dealswithproblemsofeconomicexploitationandmiddle-classhypocrisy

5JosephConrad

●oneofthegreatestnovelistsintheEnglishlanguage

●recognizedasamasterprosestylist（散文体大师）.

●animportantforerunnerofmodernistliterature

●TheNiggerofthe'Narcissus‘水仙号上的黑家伙

●HeartofDarkness黑暗的心

●Youth

●AmyFoster

AnOutpostofProgress进步的前哨

●Characters

KayertsandCarlier:

incompetent,unprepared,dependentoncivilization;identifywithimperialistideology;unabletothinkforthemselves.

Makola:

insistsonhisrealnametobeHenryPrice,evenifhecomesfromSierraLeone（塞拉利昂）;speaksEnglishandFrench;takesovervaluesofcolonizers,butdoesnotgopasttheirethicalvalues（道德观）andmorals;"Civilizedsavage";carefulofhisappearance;hastraditionalbelief

●Analysis

symboliclevel:

ItfocusesonthecolonialsituationinAfricatowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturyandchallengesreaderstoexaminetheethicalquestions（伦理问题的思考）raisedbythepolicyofcolonialism.

ironic:

thetitleOutpostofProgressisironic,forthetwowhitemenarelazyandincomp