English for Medical Professionals 医学专业英语.docx

English for Medical Professionals 医学专业英语.docx

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EnglishforMedicalProfessionals医学专业英语

EnglishforMedicalProfessionals

医

学

专

业

英

语

Content

Humanbody1

Humandisease5

Medicine9

Cardiovascularsystem16

Respiratorysystem19

Musculoskeletalsystem22

DigestiveSystem25

BloodandImmunity29

UrinarySystem32

Nervoussystem36

EndocrineSystem40

Cancer43

Apoptosis48

DNACloning:

anoverview51

ProteinTargeting55

StemCells59

DevelopmentandGenetics61

MolecularStructureofNucleicAcids64

Humanbody

organism生物体，有机体

anatomy[ə`nætəmi]解剖学

physiology生理学

biology生物学

cytology细胞学

embryology胚胎学

histology组织学

endocrinology内分泌学

hematology血液学

immunology免疫学

psychology心理学

skeletal骨骼的

joint关节

cartilage软骨

skeleton骨骼

bonemarrow骨髓

hingejoint屈戌关节

pivotjoint枢轴关节

socket臼槽

rib肋骨

breastbone胸骨

muscular肌肉的

striatedmuscle横纹肌

smoothmuscle平滑肌

intestine肠

circulatory循环的

nourishment营养

bloodvessel血管

cardiovascular心血管的

antibody抗体

artery动脉

capillary毛细血管

vein静脉

lymphatic淋巴的

lymph淋巴

lymphnode淋巴结

spleen脾

respiratory呼吸的

carbondioxide二氧化碳

larynx喉管

trachea[trə`kiə]气管

exhale呼出

digestive消化的

anus肛门

saliva[sə'lаivə]唾液

esophagus食管

gastricjuice胃液

chyme食糜

duodenum十二指肠

pancreas胰腺

enzyme酶

breakdown分解

nutrient营养物质

remainder剩余物

colon结肠

expel排除

residue残余物

urinary泌尿的

sodium钠

potassium钾

kidney肾

urine尿液

ureter输尿管

bladder膀胱

void使排空

urethra尿道

endocrine内分泌

messenger信使

hormone激素

gland腺体

pituitary脑垂体

thyroid甲状腺

adrenal肾上腺的

nervous神经的

spinalcord脊髓

integrate整合

spinalcolumn脊柱

reproductive生殖的

viable能存活的

sperm精子

ovum（pl.ova）卵子

ovary卵巢

evaporation蒸发

tactile触觉的

Alllivingthingsareorganizedfromverysimplelevelstomorecomplexlevels.Livingmatterisderivedfromsimplechemicals.Thesechemicalsareformedintothecomplexsubstancesthatmakelivingcells-thebasicunitsofalllife.Specializedgroupsofcellsformtissues,andtissuesmayfunctiontogetherasorgans.Organsworkingtogetherforthesamegeneralpurposemakeupthebodysystems.Allofthesystemsworktogethertomaintainthebodyasawholeorganism.

Studiesofthenormalstructureandfunctionsofthebodyarethebasisforallmedicalsciences.Itisonlyfromunderstandingthenormalthatonecananalyzewhatisgoingwrongincasesofdisease.Thesestudiesgiveoneanappreciationforthedesignandbalanceofthehumanbodyandforlivingorganismsingeneral.Anatomyisthestudyofthebody'sstructure;physiologyisthestudyofthebody'sfunction.Otherstudiesofhumanbodyincludebiology,cytology,embryology,histology,endocrinology,hematology,immunology,psychologyetc.

Anatomistsfinditusefultodividethehumanbodyintotensystems,Theprincipalpartsofeachofthesesystemsaredescribedinthisarticle.

Theskeletalsystemismadeofbones,jointsbetweenbones,andcartilage.Itsfunctionistoprovidesupportandprotectionforthesofttissuesandtheorgansofthebodyandtoprovidepointsofattachmentforthemusclesthatmovethebody.Thereare206bonesinthehumanskeleton.Manyofthelongboneshaveaninteriorspacethatisfilledwithbonemarrow,wherebloodcellsaremade.

Ajointiswherebonesarejoinedtogether.Theconnectioncanbesoclosethatnomovementispossible,asisthecaseintheskull.Otherkindsofjointspermitmovement:

eitherbackandforthinoneplane-aswiththehingejointoftheelbow-ormovementaroundasingleaxis-aswiththepivotjointthatpermitstheheadtorotate.Awiderangeofmovementispossiblewhentheball-shapedendofonebonefitsintoasocketattheendofanotherbone,astheydointheshoulderandhipjoints.

Cartilageisamoreflexiblematerialthanbone.Itservesasaprotective,cushioninglayerwherebonescometogether.Italsoconnectstheribstothebreastboneandprovidesastructuralbaseforthenoseandtheexternalear.

Themuscularsystemallowsthebodytomove,anditscontractionsproduceheat,whichhelpsmaintainaconstantbodytemperature.Striatedmusclescanbeconsciouslycontrolled.Theendsofthesemusclesareattachedtodifferentbonesbyconnectivetissuebandssothatwhenthemusclecontracts,onebonemovesinrelationtotheother.Thismakesitpossibletomovethewholebody,aswhenwalking,ortomovejustonepartofthebody,aswhenbendingafinger.

Contractionsoftheheartandsmoothmusclesarenotunderconsciouscontrol.Smoothmusclesarefoundinthewallsoforganssuchasthestomachandtheintestinesandservetomovethecontentsoftheseorgansthroughthebody.

ThecirculatorysystemAllpartsofthebodymusthavenourishmentandoxygeninordertofunctionandgrow,andtheirwasteproductsmustberemovedbeforetheyaccumulateandpoisonthebody.Thecirculatorysystemdistributesneededmaterialsandremovesunneededones.Itismadeupoftheheart,bloodvessels,andblood,whichtogethermakeupthecardiovascularsystem.Thebloodisalsopartofthebody'sdefensesystem.Ithasantibodiesandwhitebloodcellsthatprotectthebodyagainstforeigninvaders.

Theheartisamusclethatisdividedintotwonearlyidenticalhalves:

onehalfreceivesbloodfromthelungsandsendsittotherestofthebody,theotherhalfsendsbloodthathastraveledthroughthebodybacktothelungs.Whentheheartmusclecontracts,thebloodisforcedoutintoarteriesandenterssmallcapillaries.Bloodreturnstotheheartthroughveins.

Alsofunctioningincirculationisthelymphaticsystem.Someofthefluidthatsurroundscellsdoesnotreenterthebloodvesselsdirectly.Thisfluid,calledlymph,returnstotheheartbywayofanothersystemofchannels-thelymphvessels.Lymphnodesalongthesevesselsfilterthefluidbeforeitreenterstheblood.Thespleenisalargelymphaticorganthatfilterstheblood.

Therespiratorysystemtakesinoxygenfromtheairandexpelscarbondioxideandwatervapor.Airentersthenoseandmouthandtravelsthroughthelarynx,andtrachea.Thetracheadividestoentereachofthetwolungsandthendividesmorethan20timestoformaverylargenumberofsmallairspaces.Oxygenfromtheairentersthebloodthroughcapillariesinthewallsoftheseairspaces,andthebloodreleasecarbondioxideintotheairspacestobeexhaled.

Thedigestivesystemconsistsofatubeextendingfromthemouthtotheanus.Foodentersthroughthemouth,wherechewingandsalivastarttobreakitupandmakeiteasiertoswallow.Next,thefoodtravelsdownthroughtheesophagustothestomach,wheremechanicalandchemicaldigestioncontinues,themuscularwallsofthestomachcontractvigorouslytomixfoodwithgastricjuice,producingamixturecalledchyme.

Theliquifiedfoodgraduallypassesintothesmallintestine.Intheduodenum（thefirstpartofthesmallintestine）,enzymesfromthepancreasareadded.Theseenzymescompletethechemicalbreakdownofthefood.Thedigestionoffatisaidedbybile,whichismadeintheliverandstoredinthegallbladder.Thesmallintestineofanadultisabout6.4meterslong,mostofitslengthisdevotedtoabsorbingthenutrientsreleasedduringthesedigestiveactivities.

Theliquidremainderofthefoodentersthelargeintestine,orcolon,whichisabout3.7meterslong.Itismorethantwiceaswideasthesmallintestine.Inthelargeintestinemostofthefluidisabsorbed,andtherelativelydryresiduesareexpelled.

Theurinarysystemmaintainsnormallevelsofwaterandofcertainsmallmoleculessuchassodiumandpotassiuminthebody.Itdoesthisbypassingbloodthroughthekidneys,twoefficientfilteringorgansthatgetridofanyexcessofvariousmoleculesandconservethosemoleculesthatareinshortsupply.

Thefluidthatleavesthekidneys,knownasurine,travelsthroughatubecalledtheuretertothebladder.Thebladderholdstheurineuntilitisvoidedfromthebodythroughanothertube,theurethra.

Theendocrinesystem.Thetwosystemsthatcontrolbodyactivitiesaretheendocrinesystemandthenervoussystem.Theformerexertsitscontrolbymeansofchemicalmessengerscalledhormones.Hormonesareproducedbyavarietyofendocrineglands,whichreleasethehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstream.

Amajorglandisthepituitary,whichislocatedunderthebraininthemiddleofthehead.Itproducesatleasteighthormones,whichaffectgrowth,kidneyfunction,anddevelopmentofthesexorgans.Becausesomeofthepituitary'shormonesstimulateotherglandstoproducetheirownhormones,thepituitarycalledthemastergland.Othersendocrineglandsarethethyroid,thepancreasandtheadrenalglands.

Thenervoussystem.Thebrain,thespinalcordandthenerve-alsocontrolsbodyactivities.Thelowerpartsofthebraincontrolbasicfunctionssuchasbreathingandheartrateaswellasbodytemperature,hunger,andthirst.Abovetheseregionsarethecentersforsight,sound,touch,smell,andtaste,andtheregionsthatdirectvoluntarymuscularactivitiesofthearmsandlegs.Performedherearethehigherfunctionsofintegratingandprocessinginformation.

Thebrainreceivesandsendsinformationbymeansofnerves,manyofwhichliepartlyinthespinalcord.Thespinalcordisprotectedbythespinalcolumn.Nervesenterandleavethespinalcordateachlevelofthebody,travelingtoandfromthearms,legs,andtrunk.Thesenervesbringinformationfromthevarioussenseorgans,andtheinformationisprocessedbythebrain,thenmessagesarecarriedbacktomusclesandglandsthroughoutthebody.

Thereproductivesystemisconstructeddifferentlyformalesandfemales.Themalereproductivesystemisresponsibleforproducing,transporti