大学有机化学双语教学辅助材料专业术语英文解释.docx

大学有机化学双语教学辅助材料专业术语英文解释.docx

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大学有机化学双语教学辅助材料专业术语英文解释

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inOrganicChemistry

有机化学双语教学辅助材料

（专业术语及英文解释）

GlossaryofOrganicChemistry

Acetate（醋酸盐）.（CH3COO-,C2H3O2-）.acetateion.

1.anionformedbyremovingtheacidichydrogenofaceticacid,HC2H3O2.2.acompoundderivedby

replacingtheacidichydrogeninaceticacid.3.Afibermadeofcelluloseacetate.

Aceticacid（乙酸）.（CH3COOH,C2H4O2）.ethanoicacid;vinegaracid;methanecarboxylicacid.

Asimpleorganicacidthatgivesvinegaritscharacteristicodorandflavor.Glacialaceticacidispure

aceticacid.

Acetone（丙酮）.[CH3COCH3or（CH3）2CO].trivialnameforpropanone,formedbytheoxidationof

2-propanolwithKMnO4.

Achiral（非手性的）.Amoleculethat'ssuperimposableonitsmirrorimage.Achiralmoleculesdonotrotate

plane-polarizedlight.

Achiralmolecule（非手性分子）.amoleculethatdoesnotcontainastereogeniccarbon;anachiralmolecule

hasaplaneofsymmetryandissuperimposableonitsmirrorimage.

Acidanhydride（酸酐）[（RCO）2O].Comparewithacid.

Nonmetallicoxidesororganiccompoundsthatreactwithwatertoformacids.Forexample,SO2,CO2,

P2O5,andSO3aretheacidanhydridesofsulfurous,carbonic,phosphoric,andsulfuricacids,

respectively.Aceticanhydride（CH3CO）2O）reactswithwatertoformaceticacid.

Aciddissociationconstant（酸电离常数）.

（Ka）acidionizationconstant.Comparewithbasehydrolysisconstant.

Theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofanacidintoahydrogenionandananion.For

example,theaciddissociationconstantforaceticacidistheequilibriumconstantforHC2H3O2（aq）

H+（aq）+C2H3O2-（aq）,whichisKa=[H+][C2H3O2-]/[HC2H3O2].

Acidhalide（酰卤）（RCOX）.acidchloride;acylhalide;acylchloride.

Compoundscontainingacarbonylgroupboundtoahalogenatom.

Acid（酸）.（Lat.acidus,sour）Comparewithbase.

Aprotondonororanelectronpairacceptor.1.acompoundwhichreleaseshydrogenions（H+）in

solution（Arrhenius）.2.acompoundcontainingdetachablehydrogenions（Bronsted-Lowry）.3.a

compoundthatcanacceptapairofelectronsfromabase（Lewis）..

Acid-baseindicator（酸碱指示剂）.

Aweakacidthathasacidandbaseformswithsharplydifferentcolors.ChangesinpHaroundthe

acid'spKaare"indicated"bycolorchanges.

Acid/basereaction（酸/碱反应）.areactioninwhichanacidicHatomistransferredfromonemoleculeto

another.

Additioncompound（加成化合物）.complexcompound.Comparewithhydrate.

Anadditioncompoundcontainstwoormoresimplercompoundsthatcanbepackedinadefiniteratio

intoacrystal.Adotisusedtoseparatethecompoundsintheformula.Forexample,ZnSO4·7H2Ois

anadditioncompoundofzincsulfateandwater.Thisrepresentsacompound,andnotamixture,

becausethereisadefinite1:

7ratioofzincsulfatetowaterinthecompound.Hydratesareacommon

typeofadditioncompound.

Additionreaction（加成反应）.Areactioninwhichtwomoleculesarecombinedtoyielda

singleproduct.Typicalofthereactionsofalkenesandalkynes.

-al（醛，后缀）.Asuffixaddedtothesystematicnamesoforganiccompoundsthatcontainanaldehydegroup

-（C=O）-H.Forexample,thesystematicnameofacetaldehyde,CH3CHO,isethanal.

Alcohol（醇）.（ROH）Comparewithphenolandhydroxide.

Amoleculecontainingahydroxyl（OH）group.Alsoafunctionalgroup.Analcoholisanorganic

compoundwithacarbonboundtoahydroxylgroup.Examplesaremethanol,CH3OH;ethanol,

CH3CH2OH;propanol,CH3CH2CH2OH.Compoundswith-OHattachedtoanaromaticringarecalled

phenolsratherthanalcohols.

Aldehyde（醛）.（RCHO）

Amoleculecontainingaterminalcarbonyl（CHO）group.Alsoafunctionalgroup.Analdehydeisan

organiccompoundwithacarbonboundtoa-（C=O）-Hgroup.Examplesareformaldehyde（HCHO）,

acetaldehyde,CH3CHO,andbenzaldehyde,C6H6CHO.

Aliphatic（脂肪族的）.Comparewitharomatic.

Anorganiccompoundthatdoesnotcontainringstructures.

Alkalineearth（碱土金属）.Anoxideofanalkalineearthmetal,whichproducesanalkalinesolutionin

reactionwithwater.

Alkalimetal（碱金属）.（ametalinGroupIAontheperiodictable）:

activemetalswhichmaybeusedtoreact

withanalcoholtoproducethecorrespondingmetalalkoxideandhydrogengas.

Alkaline（碱的，碱性的）.HavingapHgreaterthan7.

Alkane（烷烃）.（RH，CnH2n+2）paraffin.Comparewithhydrocarbonandalkene.Amoleculecontainingonly

C-HandC-Csinglebonds.AseriesoforganiccompoundswithgeneralformulaCnH2n+2.Alkanenamesend

with-ane.Examplesarepropane（withn=3）andoctane（withn=8）.

Alkene（烯烃）.（CnH2n）Amoleculecontainingoneormorecarbon-carbondoublebonds.Alsoafunctional

group.Acompoundthatconsistsofonlycarbonandhydrogen,thatcontainsatleastonecarbon-carbon

doublebond.Alkenenamesendwith-ene.Examplesareethylene（CH2=CH2）;1-propene（CH2=CH2CH3）,

and2-octane（CH3CH=CH（CH2）4CH3）.

Alkoxide（醇盐,烷氧根负离子）.（RO-M+）alkoxideion.

Anioniccompoundformedbyremovalofhydrogenionsfromthehydroxylgroupinanalcoholusing

reactivemetals,e.g.sodium.Forexample,potassiummetalreactswithmethanol（CH3OH）to

producepotassiummethoxide（KOCH3）.

Alkoxygroup（烷氧基）（RO-）.asubstituentcontaininganalkylgrouplinkedtoanoxygen.

Alkylbenzene（烷基苯）（C6H5-R）.abenzeneringthathasonealkylgroupattached;thealkylgroup

（exceptquaternaryalkylgroups）issusceptibletooxidationwithhotKMnO4toyieldbenzoicacid

（C6H5CO2H）.

Alkyl（烷基）.（-CnH2n+1）alkylgroup.Amolecularfragmentderivedfromanalkanebydroppingahydrogen

atomfromtheformula.Examplesaremethyl（-CH3）andethyl（-CH2CH3）.

Alkyne（炔烃）.（CnH2n-2）Amoleculecontainingoneormorecarbon-carbontriplebonds.Alsoafunctional

group.Acompoundthatconsistsofonlycarbonandhydrogen,thatcontainsatleastonecarbon-carbon

triplebond.Alkynenamesendwith-yne.Examplesareacetylene（CHident

CH）;1-propyne（CHident

CCH3）,and

2-octyne（CH3Cident

C（CH2）4CH3）.

Allenes（丙二烯）.Propa-1,2-diene（CH2=C=CH2）andderivatives.Inallenesthetwoπbondsareorthogonal

（seebelow）,asarethetwoterminalhydrogensatoneend,withrespecttothoseattheother.

Allo-（同分异构的）.prefixthatdesignatesthemorestableofapairofgeometricisomers.allo-issometimes

usedlesspreciselytodesignateisomersorcloserelativesofacompound.

Allyl（烯丙基）.allylic;allylgroup;allylradical.

Amolecularfragmentderivedbyremovingamethylhydrogenfrompropene（-CH2-CH=CH2）.For

example,"allylchloride"is3-chloropropene,Cl-CH2-CH=CH2.

Allyliccarbon（烯丙基正离子）.（CH2=CH-CH2+）

Ansp3carbonadjacenttoadoublebond.

Amide（酰胺）（RCONH2）.Amoleculecontainingacarbonylgroupattachedtoanitrogen（-CONR2）.Alsoa

functionalgroup.Anamideisanorganiccompoundthatcontainsacarbonylgroupboundtonitrogen:

.

Thesimplestamidesareformamide（HCONH2）andacetamide（CH3CONH2）.

Amine（胺）（RNH2）.Comparewithammine.

Amoleculecontaininganisolatednitrogen=（NR3）.Alsoafunctionalgroup.Anamineisanorganic

compoundthatcontainsanitrogenatomboundonlytocarbonandpossiblyhydrogenatoms.

Examplesaremethylamine,CH3NH2;dimethylamine,CH3NHCH3;andtrimethylamine,（CH3）3N.

Aminoacid（氨基酸）.Aminoacidsaremoleculesthatcontainatleastoneaminegroup（-NH2）andatleast

onecarboxylicacidgroup（-COOH）.Whenthesegroupsarebothattachedtothesamecarbon,theacidisanalpha

-aminoacid.alpha

-aminoacidsarethebasicbuildingblocksofproteins.

Aminogroup（氨基）.the-NH2group.

Ammine（氨络物）.Comparewithamine.

Ametalioncomplexcontainingammoniaasaligand.Theammonianitrogenisbounddirectlytoa

metalioninammines;aminesdifferinthattheammonianitrogenisdirectlyboundtoacarbonatom.

Ammonia（氨，氨水）.（NH3）Comparewithammonium.

PureNH3isacolorlessgaswithasharp,characteristicodor.Itiseasilyliquifiedbypressure,andis

verysolubleinwater.Ammoniaactsasaweakbase.Aqueoussolutionsofammoniaare（incorrectly）

referredtoas"ammoniumhydroxide".

Ammoniumion（铵根离子）.（NH4+）ammonium.

NH4+isacationformedbyneutralizationofammonia,whichactsasaweakbase.

Amphiproticsolvent（两性溶剂）.Comparewithaproticsolvent.

Solventsthatexhibitbothacidicandbasicproperties;amphiproticsolventsundergoautoprotolysis.

Examplesarewater,ammonia,andethanol.

Amphoteric（两性的）.ampholyte.

Asubstancethatcanactaseitheranacidorabaseinareaction.Forexample,aluminumhydroxide

canneutralizemineralacids（Al（OH）3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O）orstrongbases（Al（OH）3+3NaOH=

Na3AlO3+3H2O）.

Aniline（苯胺；苯胺的）.（C6H5NH2）.aprimary

（1）amineinwhichtheNH　2groupisbondeddirectlytoa

benzenering.

.ngstrom（.）（埃，1/10纳米）.

UnitoflengthnamedaftertheSwedishphysicist,nowbeingsupersededbynanometer（nm）.1.=

10–10msothatabondlengthof1.54.isgivenby0.154nm.

Anhydrous（无水的）.anhydrouscompound;anhydride.Comparewithhydrate.

Acompoundwithallwaterremoved,especiallywaterofhydration.Forexample,stronglyheating

copper（II）sulfatepentahydrate（CuSO4·5H2O）producesanhydrouscopper（II）sulfate（CuSO4）.

Anion（阴离子）.Comparewithcation.

Anegativelychargedatomormolecule.Ananionisanegativelychargedion.Nonmetalstypically

formanions.

Anomers（异头物）.Anomersarecyclicdiastereoisomersthatdifferonlyatthehemiacetalcarbon.The

anomericcarboninasugaristheonlycarbonthatisbondedtotwooxygenatoms.

Anti（希腊字头，反；抗；对；阻）（seealsoAntiaddition;Antiperiplanar）.Substituentsareantiiftheyareon

oppositesidesofadefinedreferenceplaneinamolecule.Antiisusedtoassignstereochemistryto

productsof,forexample,asymmetricaldolreactions.Themainchainis