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英语语法2
ChapterSixTheArticles
一冠词的语法意义
冠词是一种虚词,不能单独使用作句子成分,只能附加在名词、名词词组或名词化的形容词之前起限定作用,帮助说明其含义、所指的人或事物是泛指还是特指。
二冠词的分类:
冠词只有两类共三个:
不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the。
定冠词—thedefinitearticle
不定冠词—theindefinitearticle
1不定冠词
①a用在以辅音音素开头的词前;an用在以元音音素开头的词前
②源于数词one,表示“一”之意
③用于泛指同类人或事物中的任何一个,与别类人或事物相区别,
仅与可数的单词名词连用
ahen;aunit;anapple;anhour;
2定冠词
①用在以辅音音素开头的词前读-;用在以元音音素开头的词前读-
②源于指示代词that,表示“那”之意
③用来特指某个或某些人或事物,与同类中的其他人或事物相区别,
可与一切名词连用
thesun;theearth;inthemorning;intheevening;
三冠词的用法
1不定冠词的用法
1)表示数量“一”之意,但意义不如one强.
Ihaveapencil.
Shewillreturninadayortwo.
2)笼统地指某人或事物,但不具体说明.
Aboyiswaitingforyou.
I’msureitwasonaFriday.
3)表示类别,即以个体表示一类,用来区别于其他类,相当于“any”.
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Thisisasheep,notagoat.
Anelephantisstrongerthanahorse.
Hisfatherisadoctor.
4)与表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词连用,表示“每一”之意.
Theyworkeighthoursaday.
Wehavethreemealsaday.
Thecarcango80kilometresanhour.
Howmuchisthismeatapound?
Thepriceofthevegetableistwoyuanakilo.
5)起介绍作用,表示首次提到某人或某事物,但不具体说明.
“Whatishe?
”“Heisateacher.”
Thereisahouseinthepictureandthere’sadoginfrontofthehouse.
ShehasjustcomebackfromaChangchunhospital.
6)用在不可数的抽象名词或物质名词前,作具体介绍,有“一种”之含义.
Readingisajoytome.
KongFansenhadadeeploveforthecountryandpeople.
7)与dozen/hundred/thousand/million等连用,表示“一打/百/千/百万”之意.
adozenexercisebooks;ahundredteachers;
athousandstudents;
8)用于“such/quite/many/rather+a/an”
和“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词”结构中
Hehashadsuchabusyday.
OnSundaystherearequitealotofpeopleinthestreets.
Sheisratheracollagestudent.
Wehavenothadsowonderfuladayasthisforalongtime.
9)用于what引导的感叹句.
Whatabigfamily!
Whatafineday!
Whatadifficultquestionitis!
10)表示thesame,“即”一样“之意.
Thetwopairsofsocksaremuchofasize.
Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.
11)与有姓的专有名词连用.
AMr.Smithcalledtoseeyouthismorning,sir.
12)用于某些固定词组中
afew;catchacold;goforawalk;havearest;
onceuponatime;aliorso;asarule;
2定冠词的用法
1)与特指某(些)人或事物的名词连用,特别是定语从句或短语所修饰的名词,以区别同类中的其他人或事物.
Scienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietyinwhichwelive.
ThisisthebookthatIpromisedtolendyou.
thecoverofthebook;theroadofsocialism;
2)与表示上文已提过的人或事物的名词连用,表示特指.
Anoldcockissittinginatalltree.Afoxcomestothetreeandlooksupatthecock.
Ihaveapenandaball-pen.Thepenisblack,andtheball-penisgreen.
3)与表示谈话双方共知的人或事物的名词连用,表示特指.
Wouldyoumindmyclosingthewindow?
Comeuptotheblackboard,please.
Howdoyoulikethefilm?
Let’sreadthetexttogether.
4)用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词之前.
theearth;thesun;themoon;thesky;theworld;
5)用在表示方向的名词之前.
intheeast/west/south/north;onthewest;tothenorth;
注:
formeasttowest之类结构中不用定冠词
6)与序数词连用
thefirst/second/third/forth…time/world/floor/lesson
Heisalwaysthelastonetocomeandthefirstonetoleave.
Thisexcitingstoryisonthetwelfthpage.
7)用在形容词和副词的最高级前,副词最高级前的定冠词可以省略。
Autumnisthebusiestseasoninayear.
Heisthetallestofusthree.
Whodoesthehomework(the)mostcarefullyinyourclass?
Whostudies(the)hardestinyourclass?
8)与某些形容词或形容词化了的过去分词连用,一起构成名词,表示一类人或事物.
therichandthepoor;theoldandtheyoung;
theaged,theweak,thesickanddisabled;
thewounded;thedeaf;theexploitedandoppressed;
9)用在由普通名词构成的表示民族、国家、组织、阶级、党派、集体的名词前,表示一个整体。
theworkingclass;thelabouringpeople;theLabourParty;
theAcademyofSciencesofChina;
thePeople’sRepublicofChina;
TheChinesearewellknownfortheirdiligence.
10)用在表示江河、山脉、海洋、海峡、群岛名词的专有名词之前.
theHimalayas;theBaltic;theEnglishChannel;theNile;
theBritishlsles;
11)与表示旅馆、建筑物或商店等名称的专有名词连用。
theGreatWall;theGreatHallofthePeople;
12)与表示某些报刊杂志名称的专有名词连用.
thePeople’sDaily;theNewYorkTimes;theTimes;
theInspectator;
13)用在姓的复数专有名词前,表示一家.
theRandolphs;theYangs;
TheEinsteins,however,couldnotaffordtopayfortheeducationthatyoungAlbertneeded.
14)用在表示乐器名称的名词之前.
Hecanplaythepiano.
Tomcannotplaytheviolin.
15)用在带修饰语的表月份和星期几的名词之前.
TheMayof1949isalwaysfreshinmymemory.
MarywillgotoShanghaionbusinessontheFridaywhenherfatherisbackformtheirhometown.
16)用在“the…,the…”结构中.
Thesooner,thebetter./Themore,thebetter.
Theharderyoustudy,themoreknewledgeyouwillget.
Themoreyouworkforother,thehappieryouyourselfwillfeel.
17)在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词.
ThecompasswasinventedinChinafourthousandyearsago.
18)用在固定词组中.
inthemorning/afternoon/evening;intheday-time;
inthesun/shade/dark/distance;bytheway;
ontheright/left;thedaybeforeyesterday;
thedayaftertomorrow;ontheone/otherhand
四不用冠词的情况或场合
1大多数专有名词前不用冠词.
BeijingiscapitalofChina.
WouldyoupleasetellmewhereFudanUniversityis?
2在表示泛指的复数名词前不用冠词.
Horsesareusefulanimals.
Booksaremybestfriends.
Ilikeflowers.
Childrenwillbechildren.
3在表示泛指的不可数名词(抽象和物质名词)前不用冠词.
Labourcreatedman.
Coalisblack.
Lifeisgettingbetterandbetter.
Languageisaproductoflabour.
Knowledgeispower.
Welovescience.
Theywilldoitwithpleasure.
Wecannotlivewithoutair.
Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?
Waterisnecessaryforlife.
4在表示三餐的名词前不用冠词.
Weusuallyhavebreakfastatsix,lunchattwelveandsupperatfive.
Theyinvitedtheforeignteacherstodinneryesterday.
5在表示季节、月份、星期几、节假日的名词前不用冠词.
Autumnistheseasonofharvest.
October1isNationalDay.
WehavenoschoolonWednesdayandonSaturday.
Christmas;MayDay;NewYear’sDay;
6用作呼语的名词前不用冠词.
Goodmorning,professor.
Whatareyoudoingthere,boy?
What’swrongwithyou,dad?
7在表示家庭成员间的称呼、专有名词前的称号或头衔和由一人担任的职务的名词前,不用冠词。
I’llaskfatheraboutit.
Auntwillcometoseeusnextweek.
Heisheadoftheforeignlanguagesdepartment.
ComradeLi;ProfessorWang;GeneralHu;
CaptainHale;PresidentNixon;
8在表示球类运动或棋类游戏名称的名词前,不用冠词.
Wegoinforsports.
Wealllikebasketball/football/volleyball/tabletennis.
Computerscanevenbeusedinplayingchess.
9当school/college/hospital/market/prison/sea/work/bed等名词具有引伸之意时,其前面一般不用冠词.
Hegoestoschoolatsixeverymorning.
Sheusuallyreturnsfromworkatfive.
Mary’sstillinhospital.
Twoyearsagohewenttosea.
Thechildwenttobed.
Mumhasgoneto(the)marketforfood.
10当teacher/nurse/cook之类的名词具有ourteacher/nurse/cook之意时,其前面一般不用冠词。
Teacherisverymuchpleasedwiththeworkdone.
Nursewillbehereinaminute.
Cookservestheteachersandstudentswholeheartedly.
11在表示语言和学科的名词前不用冠词.
WeareinClassTwo,SeniorOne.
WestudyChinese,maths,physics,chemistryandEnglish.
12名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词时,不再用冠词.
Thatradioisverygoodinquality.
Thereissomewaterinthecup.
Beijingisourcapital.
Doyouhaveanyquestions?
13在与by连用的交通工具前不加冠词-bycar/bus/train/bike
byboat/ship/sea;byplane/air
14在一些固定词组中不用冠词(注:
在有些词组中,有冠词与没有冠词其含义是不同的。
)
afterschool;athome;atfirst;atnight;bylast;atnoon;
byday;onearth;incaseof;indanger;intime;intown;
dayafterday;handinhand;inhospital/inthehospital;
infrontof/inthefrontof;
outofquestion(没问题)
outofthequestion(根本不可能)
五冠词的重复与省略
1冠词的重复
①两个名词表示两个不同的人或事物,二者前均需加冠词.
Ateacherandastudententeredtogether.
TomhasboughtanEnglishdictionaryandaFrenchdictionary.
②用both…and…所连接的两个名词前均需加冠词.
Boththeboysandthegirlsdidwellintheirexam.
③虽然有些名词常成对出现指同一个人或事物,但要强调每一个对象或想分别给以清晰的概念时,可重复使用冠词.
Iboughtawatchandachain.
Hehasafatherandamother.
Sheisadoctorandanurse.
Thehusbandandthewifewerediscussingtheeducationoftheirson.
2冠词的省略
“冠词的省略”与前文中的“不用冠词的情况和场合”不同。
“省略”是在该用冠词的地方,由于问题或篇幅等原因而省略了有关的冠词。
“不用冠词”是指名词的泛指和一般概念而不需要冠词,否则就改变词义。
①两个名词表示的人或事物作为一个整体,即两个名词指同一个人或事物时,可省略第二个名词前的冠词,即只用一个冠词限定两个名词。
ThehusbandandwifehavegonetoBeijing.
Thereisahorseandcartinfrontofthetree.
Passmetheknifeandfork,please.
Mr.Randolphbecametheteacherandfriendofthestudents.
Sheisadancerandsinger.
Readthesixthandlastparagraphofthetext.
②有时,在两个名词词汇意义不引起误解的情况下,可省略第二个名词前的冠词,但初学者要少用。
Adoctorandnursewerethere.
Amanandwomanweretalkingthere.
③在作表语或同位语且表示头衔或职位的名词前往往省略冠词ComradeWangissecretaryofthePartyCommittee.
Heisheadofthebiologydepartment.
ComradeLi,vice-directorofthestatefarm,wasthere.
④报纸和文章的标题中、电报中常省略冠词
GuangzhouExportCommoditiesFairCloses.
NewMedicalSystemLauded./
BoyBornToday.
Senddoctorurgent.
⑤广告中、公告中、商业信件或文件中多半省略冠词
Fullyfurnishedflattolet.
Secondhandtypewriterwanted./
SchoolAhead;Exit;/
Copyofthebookletisenclosed.
Duplicateofthisletterissenttoouragent.
⑥提纲中、日记中省略冠词
Algeriancrisisledtothedownfallof(the)FrenchgovernmentinMay1958./
GotlongletterfromMother…
Perfectweather.
SpentwholemorningpreparinglectureonElementsofEnglishPhonetics.
⑦做注释或定义时常省略冠词
Dictionary:
bookdealingwiththewordsofalanguage.
六冠词的位置
冠词的位置比较固定,多半置于名词、名词词组或名词化的形容词之前。
但由于名词前的修饰语的搭配要求不同,冠词的位置也呈现一些变化,具体情况如下:
1有下列修饰名词的定语(形容词)时,不定冠词置于what,such,many后,形成“what/such/many+a/an+(形容词)名词”结构.
Whataninterestingstory!
Whatafinebook!
Don’tbesuchafool!
I’venevermetsuchagoodman.
Manyamanhasmadethesame.
2有下列修饰名词的定语(形容词)时,不定冠词置于quite/rather之后,形成“quite/rather+a/an+(形容词)+名词”结构。
Itwilltakequitealongtime.
Therewerequitealotofpeopleattheparty.
Sheisratherafool.
ItwasratherahotdayinAugust.
3有下列修饰名词的定语(形容词)时,不定冠词置于so,as,too,how之后,形成“so/as/too/how+形容词+a/an+名词”结构.
I’veneverseensocleverachild.
Thisisjustasgoodanexampleastheother.
It’stoohotadaytowork.
Idon’tknowhowoldamanheis.
4有all,both作名词定语时,定冠词置于all,both之后,形成“all(both)+the+名词”结构.
Allthestudentsareherenow.
Boththebooksaremine.
5有half作名词定语时,两种冠词均放在half之后.
Wehavetowaitforhalfanhour.
Halfthecupswerebroken.
冠词