新加坡.docx

新加坡.docx

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新加坡

新加坡之一------概况

（1）

Singaporeisbothanislandandacountry,butperhapsitsbestdescriptionisthatofcity-state.Likethegreatcity-statesofthepast,itofferscivilizationandorderinthehighestdegree.ItscombinationofWestern-styledevelopmentandEastern-stylecalmseemstopresentthebestofbothsides:

It'smodernwhereyoufeelsafewalkingthestreets,andit'sanAsianbusinesscenterthat'samodelofefficiency.Singaporeisalsoamulticulturalcity,andclosetoone-quarterofitspopulationareexpatriatesorforeignworkersfromallovertheworld.KnownforitsdesiretobecomethetechnologyhubofAsia,Singaporeisthemostwiredcountryintheregion.

      Singaporesharesanothertraitwithhistoricalcity-states:

Itstronglybelievesthattheycansafeguardthestatuswithregulationsagainstalmostanythingandeverythingthat-intheirview-couldpossiblyupsetthesenseoftranquility.Inreality,visitorswillfindtheplaceisnotasrestrictiveasthelonglistsofheftyfinesforsuchthingsaslitteringandjaywalkingsuggest.SomevisitorstoSingaporeleavesingingthepraisesofasocietythat"works,"whileothersfeelthegovernment'snear-compulsivefixationoncleanlinessandordermakesSingaporesterileineverysenseoftheword.

新加坡之二------地理和天气

（1）

SingaporeconsistsofthemainislandofSingaporeandsome63offshoreislands.Itisbetweenlatitudes1°09'Nand1°29'Nandlongitudes103°36'Eand104°25'E,137kilometresnorthoftheEquator（赤道）.Themainislandisabout42kilometresfromeasttowestand23kilometresfromnorthtosouth.Singapore'stotallandarea,includingthatofthesmallerislands,is697.1squarekilometres.Singapore'simmediateneighboursareMalaysia（PeninsularMalaysiatotheNorth,SarawakandSabahtotheEast）,BruneiDarussalamandIndonesia.BeingveryclosetotheEquator,Singapore'sclimateischaracterisedbyabundantrainfall,relativelyuniformtemperatureandhighhumiditythroughouttheyear.DecemberisthecoolestmonthoftheyearwhileMayisthewarmest.Themeandailytemperatureis26.8°C.

（2） Sincethecityisonly60miles（100k）fromtheequator,thetropicaltemperaturesdonotvarymuch.Rainfallisfairlyevenlydistributedthroughtheyear.Nomatterwhenyouchoosetovisit,warmweatherwillbeabundantlyavailable.ThevisitorisstruckimmediatelybySingapore'sabundanceofparks,naturereserves,andlush,tropicalgreenery.LocatedatthetipoftheMalayPeninsula,Singapore'stropicalclimatewelcomesbothleisureandbusinesstravelersyearround.Theislandrepublic'sexcellentinfrastructureenablesvisitorstoenjoyitsmanysitesandattractionsinasafe,cleanandgreenenvironment.AwardwinningChangiAirportprovidesairlinkstomajorcitiesaroundtheworld.Thetrainandsubwaysystemsareclean,fastandefficient.Inaddition,itsstate-of-the-artcruiseterminalhasestablishedSingaporeasoneofthepremiercruisingcentersofSouthEastAsiaandanexcitingportofcallonanyAsiancruiseitinerary.

         Singaporehasatropicalrainforestclimatewithnodistinctiveseasons,uniformtemperatureandpressure,highhumidity,andabundantrainfall.Temperaturesusuallyrangefrom23to32°C（73to90°F）.Relativehumidityaveragesaround79%inthemorningand73%intheafternoon.AprilandMayarethehottestmonths,withthewettermonsoonseasonfromNovembertoJanuary.FromJulytoOctober,thereisoftenhazecausedbybushfiresinneighboringIndonesia.AlthoughSingaporedoesnotobservedaylightsavingtime,itfollowstimezoneGMT+8,onehouraheadofitsgeographicallocation.

（3） LikemostofSoutheastAsia,Singaporeisgenerallyhotandhumid.It'swarmandhumidyearround,withthetemperaturealmostneverdroppingbelow20°C（68°F）,evenatnight,andusuallyclimbingto30°C（86°F）duringtheday.Recenttimes,itevenreachedtill35°C.Humidityishigh,mountingovera75%mark.

    NovemberandDecemberistherainyseason.June-Augustisconsideredtobethebesttimetovisit,buteventhenitrainsoften.Don'tlettheclimatestopyoufromgoing,however.Mostbuildingsareair-conditioned（tothepointthatyoumaywanttotakeasweater）,andpainshavebeentakentomakeeverythingascomfortableascanbe,allthingsconsidered.Whenitdoesrain,it'sgenerallyonlyforashortperiod.

      Forthosewhoenjoythesunandthebeach,Singaporeisanidealplaceforbeachlovers,asyougetthehotsunthroughouttheyear.Sowhenyou'reinSingapore,justbringalongyourcoolingapparelsandhats.

新加坡之三------历史

（1）

 TheEnglishnameofSingaporeisfromtheMalaySingapura（LionCity）,itisknownastheLionCity.Lionsprobablyneverlivedthere;thebeastseenbySangNilaUtama,founderofancientSingapore,whogavethecityitsname,wasmostlikelyatiger.TheearliestknownsettlementonSingaporewasinthesecondcenturyAD.ItwasanoutpostoftheSumatranSrivijayaempire,namedTemasek（'seatown'）.Betweenthe16thandearly19thcenturies,itwaspartoftheSultanateofJohor.In1613,Portugueseraidersburntdownthesettlementandtheislandsankintoobscurityforthenexttwocenturies.

            In1819,ThomasStamfordRafflesarrivedandsignedatreatyonbehalfoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanytodevelopthesouthernpartofSingaporeasaBritishtradingpost.In1824theentireislandbecameaBritishpossessionunderafurthertreatywherebythesultanandtheTemenggongtransferredittotheBritishEastIndiaCompany.In1826itbecamepartoftheStraitsSettlements,aBritishcolony.BeforeRafflesarrived,therewerearound1,000peoplelivinginSingapore,mostlyMalaysandafewdozenChinese.By1869,duetomigrationfromMalayaandotherpartsofAsia,100,000peoplelivedontheisland.

（2）TheflagofSingaporeconsistsoftwoequalhorizontalsections,redabovewhite.Intheupperleftcantonisawhitecrescentmoonbesidefivewhitestarswithinacircle.Redsymbolisesuniversalbrotherhoodandequalityofman,whilewhitesignifiespervadingandeverlastingpurityandvirtue.Thecrescentmoonrepresentsayoungnationontheascendant,illuminatedbytheidealsofdemocracy,peace,progress,justiceandequalityassignifiedbythefivestars.

新加坡之四------宗教信仰

（1）

Singaporeisamultiracialsociety.Malaysform13.8%ofSingapore'spopulation,whileChineseandIndiansmakeup76.2%and8.3%respectively.Otherracesmakeup1.7%ofthepopulation. TheofficiallanguagesinSingaporeareMalay,Chinese（Mandarin）,TamilandEnglish.MalayisthenationallanguageandEnglishisthelanguageofadministration.TheConstitutionallowseverypersontherighttoprofessandpractisehisreligionandtopropagateit.ThemainreligionsinSingaporeareBuddhism,Taoism,Islam,ChristianityandHinduism.BuddhismisthemostwidelypractisedreligioninSingapore,with33%oftheresidentpopulationdeclaringthemselvesadherentsatthemostrecentcensus.Thenextlargestreligions,inorderofsize,areChristianity,Islam,TaoismandHinduism.TheproportionofChristians,Taoistsandnon-religiouspeopleincreasedbetween2000and2010byabout3%each,whiletheproportionofBuddhistsdecreased.Otherfaithsremainedlargelystableintheirshareofthepopulation.

（2）MostSingaporeanscelebratethemajorfestivalsconnectedwiththeirrespectivereligions.Thevarietyofreligionsisadirectreflectionoftheraceslivingthere.TheChinesearefollowersofBuddhism,Taoism,Shenism,Christians,Catholicsandsomeconsideredas'free-thinkers'（Thosewhodonotbelongtoanyreligion）.MalayshavetheMuslimsandIndiansareHindus.ThereisasizeablenumberofMuslimsandSikhsintheIndianpopulation.

         ReligioustoleranceisessentialinSingapore.Infact,religionsoftencrossracialboundariesinthismoderncountry.YoungerSingaporeanstendtocombinealittleofthemysteriesoftheoldergenerationwiththerealisticworldthattheyknowoftoday.ReligionisstillanimportantpartofSingapore.Manyofitsmostinterestingbuildingsarereligious,beitoldtemples,modernchurches,orexoticmosques.Anunderstandingofthesebuildingsplaysapartincontributingtotheappreciationoftheirartandthecountry.

新加坡之五------语言与教育

（1）

Singaporehasfourofficiallanguages:

English,Chinese,Malay,andTamil.Englishisthefirstlanguageofthenationandisthelanguageofbusiness,governmentandmediumofinstructioninschools.TheSingaporeconstitutionandalllawsarewritteninEnglish.80%ofSingaporeansareliterateinEnglishaseithertheirfirstorsecondlanguage.ChineseMandarinisthenextcommonlyspoken,followedbyMalayandTamil.SingaporeanEnglishisbasedonBritishEnglish,andformsofEnglishspokenrangefromStandardEnglishtoapidginknownasSinglish.Singlishisheavilydiscouragedbythegovernment.Accordingtothe2010officialcensus,nearlyoneinthreeSingaporeansspeakEnglishastheirhomelanguage.  

（2）Chineseisthemostcommonhomelanguage,usedbyabouthalfofallSingaporeans.SingaporeanMandarinisthemostcommonversionofChineseinthecountry,with1.2millionusingitastheirhomelanguage.NearlyhalfamillionspeakotherChineselanguages（whichthegovernmentdescribesas"dialects"）,mainlyHokkien,Teochew,andCantonese,astheirhomelanguage,althoughtheuseoftheseisdeclininginfavourofMandarinandEnglish.

       Malayisthe"nationallanguage",aceremonialratherthanfunctionaldesignationtoreflectthecountry'shistory.TodayMalayisgenerallyspokenwithintheSingaporeanMalaycommunity,withonly16.8%ofSingaporeansliterateinMalayandonly12%usingitastheirhomelanguage.BazaarMalaywashistoricallythelinguafran