层次分析法文献翻译.docx

层次分析法文献翻译.docx

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层次分析法文献翻译

层次分析法---文献翻译

888大学

毕业设计（论文）文献翻译

题目层次分析法院、系（部）计算机科学与技术学院专业及班级计科0903班姓名888指导教师888日期2013年3月

AnalyticHierarchyProcess

TheAnalyticHierarchyProcess（AHP）isastructuredtechniqueforhelping

peopledealwithcomplexdecisions.Ratherthanprescribinga"correct"decision,theAHPhelpspeopletodetermineonethatsuitstheirneedsandwants.Basedonmathematicsandpsychology,itwasdevelopedbyThomasL.Saatyinthe1970sandhasbeenextensivelystudiedandrefinedsincethen.TheAHPprovidesacomprehensiveandrationalframeworkforstructuringaproblem,forrepresentingandquantifyingitselements,forrelatingthoseelementstooverallgoals,andforevaluatingalternativesolutions.Itisusedthroughouttheworldinawidevarietyofdecisionsituations,infieldssuchasgovernment,business,industry,healthcare,andeducation.

Severalfirmssupplycomputersoftwaretoassistinusingtheprocess.

UsersoftheAHPfirstdecomposetheirdecisionproblemintoahierarchyofmoreeasilycomprehendedsub-problems,eachofwhichcanbeanalyzedindependently.Theelementsofthehierarchycanrelatetoanyaspectofthedecisionproblem—tangibleorintangible,carefullymeasuredorroughlyestimated,well-orpoorly-understood—anythingatallthatappliestothedecisionathand.

Oncethehierarchyisbuilt,thedecisionmakerssystematicallyevaluateitsvariouselements,comparingthemtooneanotherinpairs.Inmakingthecomparisons,thedecisionmakerscanuseconcretedataabouttheelements,ortheycanusetheirjudgmentsabouttheelements'relativemeaningandimportance.ItistheessenceoftheAHPthathumanjudgments,andnotjusttheunderlyinginformation,canbeusedinperformingtheevaluations.

TheAHPconvertstheseevaluationstonumericalvaluesthatcanbeprocessedandcomparedovertheentirerangeoftheproblem.Anumericalweightorpriorityisderivedforeachelementofthehierarchy,allowingdiverseandoftenincommensurableelementstobecomparedtooneanotherinarationalandconsistentway.ThiscapabilitydistinguishestheAHPfromotherdecisionmakingtechniques.

Inthefinalstepoftheprocess,numericalprioritiesarederivedforeachofthedecisionalternatives.Sincethesenumbersrepresentthealternatives'relativeabilitytoachievethedecisiongoal,theyallowastraightforwardconsiderationofthevariouscoursesofaction.

Usesandapplications

Whileitcanbeusedbyindividualsworkingonstraightforwarddecisions,AnalyticHierarchyProcess（AHP）ismostusefulwhereteamsofpeopleareworkingoncomplexproblems,especiallythosewithhighstakes,involvinghumanperceptions

andjudgments,whoseresolutionshavelong-termrepercussions.Ithasuniqueadvantageswhereimportantelementsofthedecisionaredifficulttoquantifyorcompare,orwherecommunicationamongteammembersisimpededbytheirdifferentspecializations,terminologies,orperspectives.

DecisionsituationstowhichtheAHPcanbeappliedinclude:

Choice-Theselectionofonealternativefromagivensetofalternatives,

usuallywheretherearemultipledecisioncriteriainvolved.

Ranking-Puttingasetofalternativesinorderfrommosttoleast

desirablePrioritization-Determiningtherelativemeritofasetof

alternatives,asopposedtoselectingasingleoneormerelyranking

them

Resourceallocation-Apportioningresourcesamongasetofalternatives

Benchmarking-Comparingtheprocessesinone'sownorganizationwith

thoseofotherbest-of-breedorganizations

Qualitymanagement-Dealingwiththemultidimensionalaspectsof

qualityandqualityimprovement

TheapplicationsofAHPtocomplexdecisionsituationshavenumberedinthethousands,andhaveproducedextensiveresultsinproblemsinvolvingplanning,Resourceallocation,prioritysetting,andselectionamongalternatives.Otherareashaveincludedforecasting,toreotalqualitymanagement,businessprocessre-engineering,qualityfunctiondeployment，andtheBalancedScorecard.Many

AHPapplicationsareneverreportedtotheworldatlarge,becausetheytakeplaceathighlevelsoflargeorganizationswheresecurityandprivacyconsiderationsprohibittheirdisclosure.ButsomeusesofAHParediscussedintheliterature.Recentlythese

haveincluded:

Decidinghowbesttoreducetheimpactofglobalclimatechange

（FondazioneEniEnricoMattei）

Quantifyingtheoverallqualityofsoftwaresystem（Microsoft

corporation）

Selectinguniversityfaculty（BloomsburgUniversityofPennsy）

Decidingwheretolocateoffshoremanufacturingplants（Universityof

Cambridge）

Assessingriskinoperatingcross-countryprtroleumpipelines（American

SocietyofCivilEngineers）

DecidinghowbesttomanageU.S.watersheds（U.S.Departmentof

Agriculture）

AHPissometimesusedindesigninghighlyspecificproceduresforparticularsituations,suchastheratingofbuildingsbyhistoricsignificance.Itwasrecentlyappliedtoaprojectthatusesvideofootagetoassesstheconditionofhighwaysin

Virginia.Highwayengineersfirstusedittodeterminetheoptimumscopeoftheproject,thentojustifyitsbudgettolawmakers.

AHPiswidelyusedincountriesaroundtheworld.AtarecentinternationalconferenceonAHP,over90paperswerepresentedfrom19countries,includingtheU.S.,Germany,Japan,Chile,Malaysia,andNepal.TopicscoveredrangedfromEstablishingPaymentStandardsforSurgicalSpecialists,toStrategicTechnology

Roadmapping,toInfrastructureReconstructioninDevastatedCountries.AHPwas

introducedinChinain1982,anditsuseinthatcountryhasexpandedgreatlysincethen—itsmethodsarehighlycompatiblewiththetraditionalChinesedecisionmakingframework,andithasbeenusedformanydecisionsinthefields

ofeconomics,energy,management,environment,traffic,agriculture,industry,andthemilitary.

ThoughusingAHPrequiresnospecializedacademictrainning,thesubjectiswidelytaughtattheuniversitylevel—oneAHPsoftwareproviderlistsoverahundred

collegesanduniversitiesamongitsclients.AHPisconsideredanimportantsubjectinmanyinstitutionsofhigherlearning,includingschoolsofengineeringandGraduateschoolofBusiness.AHPisalsoanimportantsubjectinthequalityfield,andistaughtinmanyspecializedcoursesincludingSixSigma,LeanSixSigma,andQFD.

InChina,nearlyahundredschoolsoffercoursesinAHP,andmanydoctoralstudentschooseAHPasthesubjectoftheirresearchanddissertations.Over900papershavebeenpublishedonthesubjectinthatcountry,andthereisatleastoneChinesescholarlyjournaldevotedexclusivelytoAHP.

Implementation

Ascanbeseenintheexamplesthatfollow,usingtheAHPinvolvesthemathematicalsynthesisofnumerousjudgmentsaboutthedecisionproblemathand.Itisnotuncommonforthesejudgmentstonumberinthedozensoreventhehundreds.Whilethemathcanbedonebyhandorwithacalculator,itisfarmorecommontouseoneofseveralcomputerizedmethodsforenteringandsynthesizingthejudgments.Thesimplestoftheseinvolvestandardspreadsheetsoftware,whilethemostcomplexusecustomsoftware,oftenaugmentedbyspecialdevicesforacquiringthejudgments

ofdecisionmakersgatheredinameetingroom.

Stepsinusingtheprocess

TheprocedureforusingtheAHPcanbesummarizedas:

1.Modeltheproblemasahierarchycontainingthedecisiongoal,thealternatives

forreachingit,andthecriteriaforevaluatingthealternatives.

2.Establishprioritiesamongtheelementsofthehierarchybymakingaseriesof

judgmentsbasedonpairwisecomparisonsoftheelements.Forexample,when

comparingpotentialreal-estatepurchases,theinvestorsmightsaytheyprefer

locationoverpriceandpriceovertiming.

3.Synthesizethesejudgmentstoyieldasetofoverallprioritiesforthehierarchy.

Thiswouldcombinetheinvestors'judgmentsaboutlocation,priceandtiming

forpropertiesA,B,C,andDintooverallprioritiesforeachproperty.

4.Checktheconsistencyofthejudgments.

5.Cometoafinaldecisionbasedontheresultsofthisprocess.

Criticisms

TheAHPisnowincludedinmostoperationsresearchandmanagementsciencetextbooks,andistaughtinnumerousuniversities;itisusedextensivelyinorganizationsthathavecarefullyinvestigateditstheoreticalunderpinnings.Whilethegeneralconsensusisthatitisbothtechnicallyvalidandpracticallyuseful,themethoddoeshaveitscritics.

Intheearly1990saseriesofdebatesbetweencriticsandproponentsofAHPwaspublishedinManagementScienceandTheJournaloftheOperationalResearch

Society.ThesedebatesseemtohavebeensettledinfavorofAHP.

Occasionalcriticismsstillappear.A1997paperexaminedpossibleflawsintheverbal（vs.numerical）scaleoftenusedinAHPpairwisecomparisons.AnotherfromthesameyearclaimedthatinnocuouschangestotheAHPmodelcanintroduceorderwherenoorderexists.A2006paperfoundthattheadditionofcriteriaforwhichallalternativesperformequallycanaltertheprioritiesofalternatives.Anin-depthpaperdiscussingtheacademiccriticismsofAHPwaspublishedinOperationsResearchin

2001.

Mostofthecriticismsinvolveaphenomenoncalledrankreversal,discussedin

thefollowingsection.

Rankreversal

Manypeoplehearaboutrankreversalandassumethatthereissomesortofprovenprincipleaboutitthatneedstobeupheldinmakingdecisions.ThatassumptionhasledtomuchmisunderstandingofAHPandotherdecisionmakingtechniques.Inactuality,rankreversalisacomplexmatteraboutwhichtherearemanyconflictingideasandopinions.Thissectionoffersasimplifiedexplanatio