二十四谬误中英对照知识分享文档格式.docx

二十四谬误中英对照知识分享文档格式.docx

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　　2.过度概化（HastyGeneralization） 

McDonald'

sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition,andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideuswithnutritiousfoods. 

两个个例不足以推出一个真理。

　　3.因果颠倒（PostHoc） 

Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommittheircrimes;

obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency. 

甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。

　　4.矛盾前提（ContradictoryPremises） 

IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan'

tcarry?

前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误的。

　　5.感性论证（AdMisericordiam） 

Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!

Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem?

抒情是不能当作论证的。

　　6.错误类比（FalseAnalogy） 

Youngchildrenarelikeflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative. 

孩子和花朵的区别太大。

成长的过程也太复杂。

最好不要用这两者来类比。

　　7.虚假假设（HypothesisContrarytoFact） 

IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV. 

因为电视已经被发明了，对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。

　　8.无关转移（RedHerring） 

Manypeoplesayweneedtoexploittheouterspace,apointwhichIbelieveiswrong,becausetherearesomanypoorpeopleonEarthwhohardlymakeendsmeet. 

有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。

　　9.从众错误（Bandwagon） 

Everyonesaysitisjustifiedtolearnasecondlanguagesowemustlearnone. 

人人都说，或者大多数都说，这并不意味着该观点正确。

　　10.滑坡谬误（Slipperyslope） 

Ifwedon'

tcareabouttheenvironment,theworldwilldiein50years. 

从环境问题到世界灭亡，中间有无数环节未提供论证。

ExamplesofSlipperySlope

1."

Wehavetostopthetuitionincrease!

Thenextthingyouknow,they'

llbecharging$40,000asemester!

"

2."

TheUSshouldn'

tgetinvolvedmilitarilyinothercountries.Oncethegovernmentsendsinafewtroops,itwillthensendinthousandstodie."

3."

Youcannevergiveanyoneabreak.Ifyoudo,they'

llwalkalloveryou."

4."

We'

vegottostopthemfrombanningpornography.Oncetheystartbanningoneformofliterature,theywillneverstop.Nextthingyouknow,theywillbeburningallthebooks!

11.appealtoemotion

Youattemptedtomanipulateanemotionalresponseinplaceofavalidorcompellingargument.

Appealstoemotionincludeappealstofear,envy,hatred,pity,pride,andmore.It'

simportanttonotethatsometimesalogicallycoherentargumentmayinspireemotionorhaveanemotionalaspect,buttheproblemandfallacyoccurswhenemotionisusedinsteadofalogicalargument,ortoobscurethefactthatnocompellingrationalreasonexistsforone'

sposition.Everyone,barsociopaths,isaffectedbyemotion,andsoappealstoemotionareaverycommonandeffectiveargumenttactic,butthey'

reultimatelyflawed,dishonest,andtendtomakeone'

sopponentsjustifiablyemotional.

Example:

Lukedidn'

twanttoeathissheep'

sbrainswithchoppedliverandbrusselsprouts,buthisfathertoldhimtothinkaboutthepoor,starvingchildreninathirdworldcountrywhoweren'

tfortunateenoughtohaveanyfoodatall.

12.adhominem,personalattack人身攻击

Youattackedyouropponent'

scharacterorpersonaltraitsinanattempttounderminetheirargument.

Adhominemattackscantaketheformofovertlyattackingsomebody,ormoresubtlycastingdoubtontheircharacterorpersonalattributesasawaytodiscredittheirargument.Theresultofanadhomattackcanbetounderminesomeone'

scasewithoutactuallyhavingtoengagewithit.

AfterSallypresentsaneloquentandcompellingcaseforamoreequitabletaxationsystem,Samaskstheaudiencewhetherweshouldbelieveanythingfromawomanwhoisn'

tmarried,wasoncearrested,andsmellsabitweird.

第七条：

诉诸虚伪

13.loadedquestion含沙射影

Youaskedaquestionthathadapresumptionbuiltintoitsothatitcouldn'

tbeansweredwithoutappearingguilty.

Loadedquestionfallaciesareparticularlyeffectiveatderailingrationaldebatesbecauseoftheirinflammatorynature-therecipientoftheloadedquestioniscompelledtodefendthemselvesandmayappearflusteredoronthebackfoot.

GraceandHelenwerebothromanticallyinterestedinBrad.Oneday,withBradsittingwithinearshot,GraceaskedinaninquisitivetonewhetherHelenwashavinganyproblemswithadrughabit.

14.appealtoauthority诉诸权威

Yousaidthatbecauseanauthoritythinkssomething,itmustthereforebetrue.

It'

simportanttonotethatthisfallacyshouldnotbeusedtodismisstheclaimsofexperts,orscientificconsensus.Appealstoauthorityarenotvalidarguments,butnorisitreasonabletodisregardtheclaimsofexpertswhohaveademonstrateddepthofknowledgeunlessonehasasimilarlevelofunderstandingand/oraccesstoempiricalevidence.Howeveritis,entirelypossiblethattheopinionofapersonorinstitutionofauthorityiswrong;

thereforetheauthoritythatsuchapersonorinstitutionholdsdoesnothaveanyintrinsicbearinguponwhethertheirclaimsaretrueornot.

Notabletodefendhispositionthatevolution'

isn'

ttrue'

Bobsaysthatheknowsascientistwhoalsoquestionsevolution（andpresumablyisn'

taprimate）.

15窃取论点.beggingthequestion

Youpresentedacircularargumentinwhichtheconclusionwasincludedinthepremise.

Thislogicallyincoherentargumentoftenarisesinsituationswherepeoplehaveanassumptionthatisveryingrained,andthereforetakenintheirmindsasagiven.Circularreasoningisbadmostlybecauseit'

snotverygood.

ThewordofZorbotheGreatisflawlessandperfect.WeknowthisbecauseitsayssoinTheGreatandInfallibleBookofZorbo'

sBestandMostTruestThingsthatareDefinitelyTrueandShouldNotEverBeQuestioned.

第二部分以下完整版留着资料用。

第一条：

稻草人

1.strawman/strawman

Youmisrepresentedsomeone'

sargumenttomakeiteasiertoattack.

Byexaggerating,misrepresenting,orjustcompletelyfabricatingsomeone'

sargument,it'

smucheasiertopresentyourownpositionasbeingreasonable,butthiskindofdishonestyservestounderminehonestrationaldebate.

AfterWillsaidthatweshouldputmoremoneyintohealthandeducation,WarrenrespondedbysayingthathewassurprisedthatWillhatesourcountrysomuchthathewantstoleaveitdefencelessbycuttingmilitaryspending.

第二条：

错误归因

2.falsecause

Youpresumedthatarealorperceivedrelationshipbetweenthingsmeansthatoneisthecauseoftheother.

Manypeopleconfusecorrelation（thingshappeningtogetherorinsequence）forcausation（thatonethingactuallycausestheothertohappen）.Sometimescorrelationiscoincidental,oritmaybeattributabletoacommoncause.

Pointingtoafancychart,Rogershowshowtemperatureshavebeenrisingoverthepastfewcenturies,whilstatthesametimethenumbersofpirateshavebeendecreasing;

thuspiratescooltheworldandglobalwarmingisahoax.

第三条：

诉诸感情

3.appealtoemotion

第四条：

谬误谬误

4.thefallacyfallacy

Youpresumedthatbecauseaclaimhasbeenpoorlyargued,orafallacyhasbeenmade,thattheclaimitselfmustbewrong.

Itisentirelypossibletomakeaclaimthatisfalseyetarguewithlogicalcoherencyforthatclaim,justasispossibletomakeaclaimthatistrueandjustifyitwithvariousfallaciesandpoorarguments.

RecognisingthatAmandahadcommittedafallacyinarguingthatweshouldeathealthyfoodbecauseanutritionistsaiditwaspopular,Alysesaidweshouldthereforeeatbacondoublecheeseburgerseveryday.

第五条：

滑坡谬误

5.slipperyslope

YousaidthatifweallowAtohappen,thenZwilleventuallyhappentoo,thereforeAshouldnothappen.

Theproblemwiththisreasoningisthatitavoidsengagingwiththeissueathand,andinsteadshiftsattentiontoextremehypotheticals.Becausenoproofispresentedtoshowthatsuchextremehypotheticalswillinfactoccur,thisfallacyhastheformofanappealtoemotionfallacybyleveragingfear.Ineffecttheargumentathandisunfairlytaintedbyunsubstantiatedconjecture.

ColinClosetassertsthatifweallowsame-sexcouplestomarry,thenthenextthingweknowwe'

llbeallowingpeopletomarrytheirparents,theircarsandevenmonkeys.

第六条：

人身攻击

6.adhominem,personalattack

Adhominemattackscantaketheformofovertlyattackingsomebody,ormoresubtlycastingdoubtontheircharacterorpersonalattributesasawaytodiscredittheirargumen