初中英语中考前必备知识总结.docx
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初中英语中考前必备知识总结
基本语法表格
1.人称代词和物主代词
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数(现在时,动词+s/es)
复数
人称
代词
主格
I
we
you
you
she
he
it
they
these
宾格
me
us
you
you
her
him
it
them
those
物主代词(…的)
物主性
my
our
your
your
her
his
its
their
these
名词性
mine
ours
yours
yours
hers
his
its
theirs
those
反身代词
自己
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
herself
himself
itself
themselves
themselves
2.可数名词的复数
构成
举例
1
在名词后面加s
Americans,Germans,apples,bananas
2
以s,x,sh,ch,结尾的,加es
boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,foxesbuses
3
以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es
baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,
4
以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s
day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways
5
以o结尾加s(外来词);
但如是辅音加o的加es
radios,photoszoos
tomatoes,potatoesheroes
6
以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es
thief,wife,shelf,knife,loaf,leaf,wolf,half,
7
一般只有复数,没有单数的有
clothes;p0lice,people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;(由两部分组成的东西)
8
特殊形式的有
child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,
Englishman-Englishmen
10
如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数,则前后两个词都要变为复数
mandoctor--mendoctors,
womanteacher--womenteachers
11
既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词
class班,同学;family家,家庭成员;organization机构;army军队; audience 观众;enemy 敌人;navy 海军;committee 委员会;group,team.
12
单复数相同
fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese
13
单复数意思不同
fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,
paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文
work工作works作品,工厂
glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜
orange桔子水oranges橙子
light光线lights灯
cloth布clothes衣服
people人peoples民族
time时间times时代,次数
chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡
water水waters水域;公海
wood木板;woods树林
14
常用的不可数名词
water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具
sheep羊肉,fish鱼肉(动物表示肉类)
3.名词所有格(某人/物“的”东西)
构成
举例
1
单数:
在后面加’s
brother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s
2
复数:
以s结尾的直接在s后加’,
不以s结尾的,加’s
Teachers’Day教师节classmates’books同学们的书籍
Children’sDay六一节Women’sDay三八节
动词+ed的构成方式
构成
举例
1
直接在词尾加ed
work-worked;play-played;want-wanted;act-acted
2
以不发音的e字母结尾的动词,直接加d
live-lived;move-moved;taste-tasted;hope-hoped,
3
以辅音字母+y结尾的,把y变为i再加ed
study-studied;copy-copied;cry-cried;carry-carried
4
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加ed
stopplanfitreferprefercanceltravelquarreldrop
4.动词+ing的构成方式
构成
举例
2
以不发音的e字母结尾的动词,要去掉e再加ing
make-making,write-writing,skate-skating,close–closing,come-coming,take-taking,have-having,dance-dancing,live–living;hope-hoping
3
若结尾的e发音,就不能去掉
see-seeing
4
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加ing
run-running,swim-swimming,get-getting,sit–sitting,put–putting,begin–beginning,hit-hitting,stop-stopping,forget–forgetting
5
在少数几个以ie结尾的动词后:
须将ie变作y,再加ing。
die–dying;tie–tying,lie–lying躺/位于lie---lied---lied---lying撒谎
lie---lay---lain---lying躺/位于
lay---laid---laid---laying下蛋/放
5.时态语态公式
时态
主动
被动be+done(过去分词)
1.一般现在时
do/does
am/is/aredone
2.一般过去时
①did②usedtodo
was/weredone
3.一般将来时
①will/shalldo②am/is/aregoingtodo
will/shallbedone
4.现在进行时
am/is/aredoing
am/is/arebeingdone
5.过去进行时
was/weredoing
was/werebeingdone
6.将来进行时
willbedoing
willbedone
7.现在完成时
have/hasdone
have/hasbeendone
8.过去完成时
haddone
hadbeendone
9.将来完成时
willhavedone
willhavebeendone
10.现在完成进行时
have/hasbeendoing
have/hasbeendone
11.过去将来时
woulddo
wouldbedone
6.主动/被动
主动
被动:
be+done(be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been)
1.一般现在时
Idomyhomeworkeveryday
Myhomeworkisdone(byme)everyday.
2.一般过去时
Ididmyhomeworkyesterday.
Myhomeworkwasdone(byme)yesterday.
3.一般将来时
Iwilldomyhomeworktomorow.
Myhomeworkwillbedone(byme)tomorrow.
4.现在进行时
Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.
Myhomeworkisbeingdonenow.
5.过去进行时
Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:
00yesterdayafternoon.
Myhomeworkwasbeingdoneat3:
00yesterdayafternoon
6.将来进行时
Iwillbedoingmyhomeworktomorrow.
Myhomeworkwillbedonetomorrow.
7.现在完成时
Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.
Myhomeworkhasalreadybeendone.
8.过去完成时
Ihaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyesterdayafternoon.
Myhomeworkhadbeendonebeforeyesterdayafternoon
9.将来完成时
Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.
Myhomeworkwillhavebeendonetomorrow.
10.现在完成进行时
Ihavebeendoingahalfofmyhomework.
Myhomeworkhasbeendoneahalf.
11.过去将来时
IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.
Isaidthatmyhomeworkwouldbedonenextweek.
7.不规则动词巧记表
AAA型 过去式、过去分词与原形一致
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
cut
cut
cut
切、割、剪
shut
shut
shut
关、闭(门窗)
put
put
put
放置
hurt
hurt
hurt
受伤;疼痛
let
let
let
让
cost
cost
cost
值…钱;花费
set
set
set
设置
read
read
read
朗读;阅读
hit
hit
hit
撞击;打
spread
spread
spread
展开;铺开
AAB型 过去式与原形一致
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
beat
beat
beaten
击败;打败
ABA型 过去分词与原形一致
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
run
ran
run
跑步;逃跑
come
came
come
来
become
became
become
变得;成为
ABB型 过去式与过去分词一致
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
buy
bought
bought
买
lead
led
led
领导;致使
bring
brought
brought
带来
mislead
misled
misled
误导
fight
fought
fought
打架;打仗
feed
fed
fed
喂养;喂食
think
thought
thought
想;认为
flee
fled
fled
逃跑
seek
sought
sought
寻找;探究
meet
met
met
遇见;碰到
catch
caught
caught
抓住;接住
shoot
shot
shot
射击;投篮
teach
taught
taught
教;教书
light
lit/lighted
lit/lighted
点燃
lend
lent
lent
借出
get
got
got
获得;得到
send
sent
sent
送;派遣
win
won
won
获胜;赢得
spend
spent
spent
花(时间、钱)
sit
sat
sat
坐下
build
built
built
建设;建立
dig
dug
dug
挖掘
feel
felt
felt
感觉;摸起来
stick
stuck
stuck
刺;戳
leave
left
left
离开
hang
hung
hung
悬挂
keep
kept
kept
保持;保留
hang
hanged
hanged
绞死
sleep
slept
slept
睡觉
sell
sold
sold
出售;卖
oversleep
overslept
overslept
睡过头
tell
told
told
告诉
sweep
swept
swept
打扫
smell
smelt
smelt
闻;嗅
mean
meant
meant
意思是
spell
spelt
spelt
拼写
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
学;学会
hold
held
held
拿着;举办
burn
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
燃烧;烧伤
find
found
found
找到;发现
hear
heard
heard
听见
stand
stood
stood
站立
have/has
had
had
有
understand
understood
understood
理解
make
made
made
制作
pay
paid
paid
付款
shine
shone/shined
shone/shined
照耀
say
said
said
说
lose
lost
lost
丢失;失去
lay
laid
laid
下蛋laying
deal
dealt
dealt
处理
lie
lied
lied
撒谎lying
lie
lay
lain
躺/放lying
ABC型 原形、过去式、过去分词不一致
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
原形
过去式
过去分词
词义
begin
began
begun
开始
take
took
taken
拿走
drink
drank
drunk
喝;饮
mistake
mistook
mistaken
错拿
ring
rang
rung
铃响;打电话
shake
shook
shaken
摇动;握(手)
sing
sang
sung
唱歌
eat
ate
eaten
吃
sink
sank
sunk
下沉
fall
fell
fallen
落下;摔倒
swim
swam
swum
游泳
rise
rose(玫瑰)
risen
上升;上涨
blow
blew
blown
吹;刮风
drive
drove
driven
驾驶
fly
flew
flown
飞;放(风筝)
give
gave
given
给
know
knew
known
知道;懂得
forgive
forgave
forgiven
原谅
grow
grew
grown
种植;生长
see
saw
seen
看见
throw
threw
thrown
扔;投
ride
rode
ridden
骑(车、马)
draw
drew
drawn
绘画
hide
hid
hidden
躲藏
show
showed
shown
出示;给…看
bite
bit
bitten
咬
break
broke
broken
打破;不服从
forbid
forbade/forbad
forbidden
禁止;不许
speak
spoke
spoken
说话
write
wrote
written
书写
steal
stole
stolen
偷
bear (熊)
bore
born
忍受
choose
chose
chosen
选择
tear (眼泪)
tore
torn
撕破
freeze
froze
frozen
冻结
wear
wore
worn
穿、戴
wake
woke
woke/woken
醒来;唤醒
am/is
was
been
是
strike
struck
struck/stricken
打击;撞击
are
were
been
是
forget
forgot
forgotten
忘记
do/does
did
done
做
go
went
gone
去
lie
lay
lain
躺;卧
8.介词at;in;on的用法
表时间
构成
举例
①具体时间,“几点几分”用at
Shegoestobedateleveno’clock.
②“在早上,在下午,在晚上”用in,且the不能省略;“在某年、某月”用in,不加冠词;“在中午,在夜里”用at,不加冠词
inthemorning;intheafternoon;intheevening
in2000;inJune
atnoon;atnight
③表示“在星期几”、“在星期几的上午、下午、晚上”
“在某天”、“在某月某日”、用on
onJune13;onMonday/Tuesday/Sunday
onMondaymorning/afternoon/evening/nigjt
④在this,last,next,every等词前面既不加介词,也不用冠词
Whatareyoudoingthisafternoon?
IdoiteveryFriday.
表地点
①在小地点用at
atschool;athome;atrailwaystation;atthecorner
②在大地方用in
inBeijing;inChina;inAmarica;inAsia
③在……上面用on
onthedesk;onthetopofthemontain
常用介词
before
(时间)在……前;截至(到)……
in front of
(地点)在……前面in thefront of在……前部
after
(时间)在……之后
behind
(地点)在……后面
until(till)
直到……为止(动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句)
about
在……各处;到处;在……附近;关于;大约
by
①直到……为止;②以……计,后跟度量单位
③“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,“凭借……动作”
away
离开;离……多远
beyond
超出……范围(或能力)
for
①为……;②表示一段时间;③用……交换
around
在……周围,围绕
during
在……(时间)内
into
进入
through
①一直……(从开始到结束);②穿过
along
沿着
from
表示“是哪里人”,以及“时间或地点的起始点
to
到……(目的地)去,向……
since
自从……以来
across
横穿
in
①过……后(未来时间);②在……里面(地点)
in
“用…语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用
within
不超过……的范围
be made of
表示从成品仍可看出原料
outside
在……外面
be made from
表示从成品已看不出原料
between
在……之间(指二者)
with
表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的物
among
在……之间(指三者以上)
without=butfor
没有
on
在……上面,表面相互接触
like
像……一样
above
只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对
as
作为
below
在……下方,低于……
near
在……附近,与far相对
over
“在……正上方”,与under相对
under
在……正下方
against
①紧靠、倚靠②反对(反义词是for)
beneath
在……下方
beside=by
(地点)靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近
except for
除……之外(主要用来谈论不同类的东西)
besides
除之外…还有
except
除之外…没有了(主要用来谈论同类的东西)
9.形容词的比较级和最高级
构成
举例
1
一般在形容词后加er/est
如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st
great-greater-greatest,short-shorter–shortest,tall-taller–tallest,long-longer–longest,nice-nicer-nicest,large-larger-