改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx

改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx

《改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译

中文2625字

外文翻译

原文

AClusterApproachtowardsEnhancingChinese-AmericanTradeOpportunities

MaterialSource:

InternationalJournalofBusinessandManagement

Author:

WilliamJ.LawrenceandWeidongSun

Abstract

Forsometimenow,Chinahasreliedheavilyonindustrialclusterstocreateaninternationalcompetitiveedge.Whiletheprogramhasbeenlargelysuccessful,Chinahasincreasinglyhadtocopewithsevereaccusationsfromitstradingpartnerswhoclaimapolicyofdumpingandsellinglowqualityproductswithflaws,andhazardousoutcomes.ClaimsarealsomadethatChinahasnotbeenasmindfulofitsresourceutilization,environmentimpact,andoveralleconomicefficiencyasitshouldbe.ThethrustofthispaperrecognizesthatopportunitiesexistforboththeUSandChinatousethisperiodasoneofenhancedcommunicationandcooperativeventuresandplanninginitiatives.Itisahypothesisthatclusteranalysisoffersamajorvehiclethatshowshowallnationscanbegintomeettheneedsoftheirpeopleanddoitinanenvironmentallyandeconomicallyresponsiblemanner.

Keywords:

Industrialcluster,Smoothtrade,TheUS-China

1.AnOverviewofIndustrialClustersinChina

Chinahascreatedafairlysophisticatedsystemofindustrialclustersinmanyareascenteredprincipallyontheirnaturalmarketsharewithindomesticaswellasglobalmarkets.Thispolicyismostevidentintheeasternandsoutherncoastlineregions,forexample,Zhejiangprovince,whichisinthesoutheastofChina.ZhejiangProvincehasmorethan500villagesandtowns,manyofwhichhaveformedtheirownuniquecluster.Thetotaloutputofthesevillagesandtownsaccountsforroughlyhalfoftheprovince’sindustryproduct.TheclusterphenomenaconsistingofavarietyofindustrieshasbeencreatedinGuangdongprovinceaswell.Ithasanestimated60townsoutofall240townsinGuangdongthathaveformedaratherlargescaleofclustersprimarilywithintraditionalindustryfields.Moreover,thesouthernareasofJiangsuprovincehaveformedseveralITindustryclusters,Jingjincountyhasformedshoeindustryclusters,Shouguangcountyhasformedavegetableindustrycluster,QinhoucountyhasformedawoolindustryclusterandZhongguanvillagehasalsoformedanITindustrycluster.

However,withtimemanymanagementproblemsintheindustrialclustersbegantoemerge,oftenresultingfromthelowmanagementskillsofentrepreneurs,outdateoftechnologyorincreasinglaborcost.Inaddition,agrowinglowcommitmentofworkinghard,effectivemutualcooperation,tomentiononlyafew,begantofurtherexacerbatetheproblems.Perhapsthisphenomenoncanbecategorizedasmanagementdeficienciessufferingfromexcessivegrowth.Itishowever,timeforclusteredfirmstoupgradetheirmanagementlevelandfortheclusteringprocesstomovefromthelowindustriallevelstotherelativelyhigherone.

2.ReasonsbehindtheGrowthofaClusterApproachtowardsIndustrialDevelopmentandTrade

ProfessorDavidL.BarkleyandProfessorMarkS.Henryina2001paperconcludedthattherewerebasicallyfourimportantadvantagesunderlyingindustrialclustersincluding:

a）strengtheninglocalizationeconomies,b）facilitatingindustrialreorganization,c）encouragingnetworkingamongenterprisesd）permittinggreaterfocusingofpublicresources.Theiranalysisshowsthebenefitsfromtheclusterfromtheangleofthemacroeconomicperspective.

Thereexistsoneotherintrinsicstrengththatprovidesanincentiveforanindividualenterprisetojoinanindustrialcluster.Wehavechosentouseahypothesizedcasetomakeourpoint.

Assumethattherearetwoseparateanddistinctretailmerchantswhoareeachsellingcooldrinkingwateralongalinearbeach.Letusfurtherassumethat;a）themerchandisetheysellisofthesamequalityandsoldatthesameprice;b）consumersarescatteredevenlyalongthebeach;c）customersaretimeandconvenientorientedandalwaysprefertobuycooldrinkingwaterfromanearbystall;d）Ourtwomerchantshaveanexclusiveagreementprohibitinganyothercompetitorsenteringthismarket.Inordertodescribeourmodelconveniently,wedefinethatthebeachlengthis1,theleftpointbeing0andtherightpointbeing1.Accordingtogeographicoptimization,merchantonewouldlocatehisstallat1/4andmerchant2wouldlocateat3/4becausedoingsowouldminimizeoverallconsumerconveniencegivingeachmerchantequalaccesstotheirrespectivemarketshare.Althoughsuchanarrangementseemsfairandreasonable,therealityitselfisneverthelessnotsosimple.Bothmerchantsdothesamebusiness,creatinganunavoidablecompetitionbetweenthem.Absentanagreementtothecontrary,eachmerchantwouldhaveanincentivetorelocatehisstallalittlefurtherdownthebeachtowardstheterritoryoftheother's.Hewoulddosoinhopesofwinningsomeconsumersfromtheother.Theothermerchantmightalsoconsidertakingasimilaractiontowardsthecompetitor'sterritory.Therefore,theinterestingcompetitiveforcesprovidedanaturalincentivesuchthatbothmerchantswillgraduallymovetheirstallstowardeachotheruntiltheyeacharriveatthemiddlepointofthebeach.Aclusteringagreementhowever,wouldhavebothmerchantsagreetoanoveralllocationpattern,betterdesignedtoservesthecustomersandtheirtime.

3.TheImpactofChina'sIndustrialClusterPoliciesonUS/ChinaTrade

CommencingwithChina’s2001accessionintotheWTOthegrowthinChina'sexportshasincreasedannually,goingfrom20.1%in2001to40%ofitseconomyin2008.ThetrendstronglyreflectstheoveralldependenceofChina’seconomyonitsexporttradewhichfurthertiesChinesegrowthtothatofitstradingpartners.Besides,thehighexportvolumealsotendstocausemaintradingpartners’tradedeficit.Atpresent,tradeimbalancebetweenUSandChinaisatopconcerninUS-Chinarelation.StatisticsprovidedbytheAmericanChamberofCommerceindicatesthatbetween2001and2008,theUStradedeficitwithChinaincreasedfrom$83.10to$268.04billion（excludingservicetrade）,accountingfor28.8oftheUStotaltradedeficit.AskingChinatotakemeasurestoincreaseinputsfromAmericaanddecreasetradesurplustotheUShasbecomeastrongargumentfromAmericanauthorities.StrongconcernscontinuetoexistonthepartofalltradingnationsthatChina’sincreasingdemandofoilandotherenergyresourcesmaycauseharmtotheinternationaleconomicorder.Furthermore,theUSworriesthatChina’shugeexportsmayfurthererodeUSjoblosses,agrowingconcernthroughoutAmericanlabormarkets.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately70%-80%ofChina'sexportscomefromChina’scurrentindustrialclusters.Therefore,ifwewanttosolveChina’sforeigntradeproblemsandoverallbalanceoftrade,wemustpaycloseattentiontoindustrialclustersandfindwaystobetterdistributethisoutputwithinChina'sbordersaswellaswithitstradingpartners.

4.IndustrialClustersandtheBalanceofTradeIssue

4.1Thetradeissue

MajorcriticismofChina'stradeandeconomicdevelopmentstrategyhascomeprimarilyfromitsmajortradingpartner,theUnitedStates.TheUShasalsocriticizedChinafordumping,andsellingmerchandiseoflowqualityandinsomecaseswithseriousproductionandordesignflaws.

CriticismhasalsopointedtowardsChina'sconcentrationoneconomicgrowthattheexpenseofamorerationalutilizationofitsresources,furtherdamagingtheenvironment,andnotbeingasmindfulofeconomicefficiencyasChineseplannersandmanufacturesmighthavebeen.TheWorldBankcited16Chinesecitiesoutof20astheworldsmostpolluted.

Inarecentstudyofcarbondioxideemissions,themostdamagingofallgreenhousegases,aDutchinstitute（NetherlandsEnvironmentalAgency,2007）concludedthatChinahassurpassedtheUSandisnowthelargestCO2emitterintheworld.ThislistingwasbasedontheoverviewsonenergyuseascompiledbyBritishPetroleum.AnythingChinacandotoreduceitsfootprintinthisareawouldbemostwelcomedasamemberoftheworldcommunity,Clusters,wellthoughtoutandimplementedwithanobjectivetowardstechnologicalandenvironmentalefficienciesofferoneopportunitytodojustthis.

4.2Probablesolutions

（1）AmongtheWTOmemberstates,theUShasthesecondlargestnumberofanti-dumpingcasesagainstChinawhichhasledtomuchconfusionanddebatewithinChinesebusinessleaders.ChinarecognizesthatAmericaisimplementingincreasedprotectionism.ButPresidentObamasaid,"Wecan'tgobacktotheerawheretheChineseortheGermansorothercountriesjustaresellingeverythingtous,butwe'renotsellinganythingtothem".JustonSep.11,2009,PresidentObamaannouncedthathewouldimposea35percenttariffonautomobileandlight-trucktiresimportedfromChina.Meanwhile,China,notunexpectedly,alsotooksomecountermeasuresinreactiontothisdispute.Tosomeextent,therootreasonforthedisputeliesinthedifferentcostandqualitystandardsofmerchandisethatbothsideshold.AccordingtotheWTOrules,aslongasacountryisnotrecognizesasamarketeconomycountry,anyWTOmembercanmeasurethedumpingextentofitsenterprisesbyutilizingathirdcountry's（substitutecountry）prices,notitsdomesticpricesorcosts.Therefore,sinceChinaisnotrecognizedasmarketeconomycountrybytheUS,thedomesticpricesofChina'sproductswillnotberecognizedaswell,hence,theUShasusuallytakencomparablepricesofathirdcountrytomeasurethedumpingextentofChineseenterprises,butChinaarguesthatthismeasureisunfairbecausethethirdcountry’scostmayhigherthanthatinChina.So,inordertoknowChinesemerchandise’coststructureand