考研英语一真题及参考答案.docx

考研英语一真题及参考答案.docx

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考研英语一真题及参考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinacompletely7areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17‌lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

1.A.FewB.MostC.SomeD.All

2.A.putB.takeC.runD.come

3.A.SinceB.UntilC.ThoughD.If

4.A.formallyB.literallyC.graduallyD.relatively

5.A.aroundB.awayC.backD.next

6.A.ontoB.alongC.acrossD.off

7.A.unattractiveB.unfamiliarC.unchangedD.uncrowded

8.A.wayB.pointC.siteD.place

9.A.InsteadB.YetC.SoD.Besides

10.A.immediatelyB.eventuallyC.unexpectedlyD.intentionally

11.A.frightenedB.annoyedC.surprisedD.confused

12.A.problemB.resultC.viewD.option

13.A.AboveallB.ForexampleC.OnaverageD.Incontrast

14.A.spotB.avoidC.bridgeD.separate

15.A.fromB.underC.beyondD.through

16.A.postsB.breaksC.shadesD.links

17.A.hiddenB.mysteriousC.artificialD.limited

18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally

19.A.memoriesB.belongingsC.notesD.marks

20.A.leadB.adaptC.restrictD.expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

A.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

B.enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility.

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

D.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

A.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

B.governments’impatienceindecision-making.

C.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

D.“short-termism”ineconomicactivities.

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

A.minimal.

B.indirect.

C.adverse.

D.temporary.

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

A.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism.”

B.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

C.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

D.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

B.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

C.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Colleges’neglectofGPAs.

B.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

C.Students’indifferencetoGPAs.

D.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.

B.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

B.improvetheirteachingquality.

C.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tocomplementeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

A.asse