科技论文写作(英文)课件优质PPT.ppt

科技论文写作(英文)课件优质PPT.ppt

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AdvancingtoPresentResearch,Contents,Chapter6MethodChapter7MaterialsChapter8ResultsChapter9DiscussionChapter10Abstract,Outline,WhentoWrite-EssenceofanArticleWhattoWrite-EssentialsofanArticlePreparingtoWriteWriting-FormatWriting-TipsTheReviewProcessAbstractWriting,WhentoWrite?

Anarticleisanarticleif:

ItmakesacontributionHaveIdiscoveredsomethingnew?

HaveIadvancedthestateoftheart?

Willpeoplewanttocitemypaper?

Avoidthe“thin-section”or“LPU”（LeastPublishableUnit）approach.,TheLeastPublishableUnitSyndrome（“QuantitynotQuality”）,1idea,64technicalreports,“Publicationpyramidofsuccess”,AfterD.A.Patterson,WhentoWrite?

Avoidthe“thin-section”or“LPU”approach.Avoidthe“KitchenSink”approach（toobroad）.TheresultsaresupportedbysolidevidenceExperimental,Statistical,etc.Otherscanreplicatetheresults,WhattoWrite?

Anarticlemustcontainexplanationsof:

ItsimportanceWhyyoushouldreadthis?

Needsclearunderstandingandstatementoftheresearchissuesinthefield.ThescientificbasisfortheworkE.g.,followsasconsequenceofexistingtheory,understandingofphysicalprocesses,etc.ResearchmethodologyandexperimentaldesignAnalysisandresultsConclusions（implications）,PreparingtoWrite（StrategicSuggestions）,StudythejournalLookatbackissuesHavearticlesappearedonrelatedtopics?

StudyreferencesinrelatedarticlesLookforeditorialstatementsStudylength,format,andotherrequirementsin“InstructionstoAuthors”E.g.,Color?

CanIaffordthepagecharges?

WritingFormat,GeneralPrinciple:

MaketheEditorHappy!

Ifformatisrigidlyspecified,useit!

Ifnot,formatshouldfollowfromessenceandessentials:

AbstractAclearstatementofproblem,methods,andresults,WritingFormat,GeneralPrinciple:

Ifformatisrigidlyspecified,conform.Ifnot,shouldfollowfromessenceandessentials:

AbstractAclearstatementofproblem,methods,andresultsIntroductionContext:

Relationofyourworktoprevious,whyimportant（verification）,whatquestionswillbeaddressedTheoretical/ScientificBasisMethodologyResultsConclusions,WritingTips,GeneralPrinciple:

DontwriteamysterynovelAvoidtheurgetocomplicateWatchlength（toolongortooshort?

）UseactivevoiceNo:

“ItisseeninTable5”Yes:

“Table5shows”Limit“while”and“since”toappropriateuseNo:

“Whileothershavefound”Yes:

“Althoughothershavefound”Qualify“this”whenreferringtoprevioussentencesNo:

“Thisaccountsfor”Yes:

“Thisreductioninsoilmoistureaccountsfor”,WritingTips,PayattentiontoParagraphStructureTopicsentence,Inselectingageneralapproachforusabilityengineering,wefirstconsideredtheworkofGabbardetal.（1999）,whichwasrecommendedbySlocumetal.（2001）aspotentiallyappropriateforabroadrangeofgeovisualizationapplications.Gabbardetal.sapproachinvolvesfourmajorsteps:

ananalysisofpotentialusertaskspriortosoftwaredevelopment,anevaluationofthesoftwarebyusabilityexperts,havingactualusersworkwithabroadrangeofsoftwarefunctions,andacomparativeevaluation,WritingTips,PayattentiontoParagraphStructureTopicsentencePutreferencestofiguresandtablesearlyinparagraph,ReferringtoaFigure,Asaresult,wedecidedtoimplementthesix-stepprocessshowninFigure2.Webeganbydevelopingasoftwareprototypelargelybasedonthethirdauthorsdomainexpertiseinwaterbalancemodelsandclimatology.Becausewefeltthethatresultingsoftwaremightbebiasedtowardthethirdauthorsinterests,weaskeddomainexpertstoevaluatethesoftwareinstep2.Ourthinkingwasthatthedomainexpertsmightsuggestanumberoftasksthatwehadnotthoughtofimplementing,WritingTips,PayattentiontoParagraphStructureTopicsentencePutreferencestofiguresandtablesearlyinparagraphBecarefulhowothersworkischaracterizedUse%-signsintableentries（notincaptions）EffectiveFiguresGraphicelementsAxes（titlesandunits）Longcaptionsarebetterthanlongdescriptionsintext,WritingTips（TacticalSuggestions,Continued）,WritingTips（TacticalSuggestions,Continued）,StepsinManuscriptProduction:

Prepare1-pageoutlinePrepareParagraphMapPseudo-code:

topicsentences,hand-drawnfiguresandcaptions,tableplaceholdersWriteDraftSpellandgrammarcheckReadoutloudRepeat（3）-（5）Showtocolleague（s）Repeat（3）-（5）,WritingTips（TacticalSuggestions,Continued）,WhyGuess?

ConsulttheExperts:

RobertWeissberg,andSuzanneBuker,WritingUpResearch,PrenticeHall,Inc1990.StrunkandWhite,TheElementsofStyle,4thed.,AllynandBacon,1999Flower,ProblemSolvingStrategiesforWriting,4thed.,Heinle,1997Tufte,VisualDisplayofQuantitativeExplanation,2ndEd.,GraphicsPress,2003（andotherTuftebooks）Otherarticlesastemplatesandexamples,TheReviewProcess,GeneralPrinciple:

KeeptheEditorHappy!

He/shehasinvestedinyouShowtimeliness&

good-faithefforttofollowUnderstandtheEditorsroleUnderstandtheReviewersroleKnowthat:

Nearlyallarticlesrequirerevision,andusuallytworeviewcyclesReviewersoftenwanttohelpSomereviewersseemunkindSomereviewersareunkindRegardless-youcanbenefit,TheReviewProcess,DonottakecriticismpersonallyTakecriticismandsuggestionsasasignofinterest（worsecanhappen）DoyourbesttofollowreviewerandeditorsuggestionsIfyoumustdisagree,explainwhy（ventingdoesnthelp）Assumetheeditorwantstobepartofthenegotiation（seekadvice）Describechangesmadeinacoverlettertoeditor,Abstract,Overview,Theabstractisactuallythefirstsectioninareport,comingafterthetitleandbeforetheintroduction.Theabstractprovidesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofyourstudybaseoninformationfromtheothersectionsofthereport.Theabstractisoftenthelastpartofthereporttobewritten.,Orderoftypicalelementsincludedinanabstract,B=somebackgroundinformationP=theprincipalactivity（orpurpose）ofthestudyanditsscopeM=someinformationaboutthemethodologyusedinthestudyR=themostimportantresultsofthestudyC=astatementofconclusionorrecommendation,Exercise:

Analysis（identifyB,P,M,R,C）,Typebehaviorsbychildren,socialcomparison,andstandardsofself-evaluation1TypeAbehavior,anestablishedriskfactorcoronaryheartdisease,ischaracterizedbyextremesofcompetitiveachievementstriving,impatience,hostility,andaggression.2Aspartofanefforttounderstandtheoriginsofthisbehaviorpattern,thepresentstudyassessedtheimpactofperformancestandardsonthesocialbehaviorofTypeAandTypeBchildren.3Childrenperformedafive-trialtask.4Halfweregivenanexplicitstandardwithwhichtocomparetheirownperformance;

（continue）,halfweregivennostandard.5After5trials,allsubjectswereinformedthattheirtotalscorerepresentedthemiddlescoreofthewholegroupandwereaskedtoselectonescoreforfurthercomparison.6Resultsshowednosignificantdifferencesamonggroupsonthefrequencyofcomparison.7Incontrast,theresultsdidshowthatregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofanexplicitstandard,TypeAchildrenchosetoevaluatetheirperformanceagainstthetopscore,whereasTypeBchildrenchosetodosoonlyintheabsenceofanexplicitstandard.8TheimplicationsoftheseresultsforunderstandingthechildhoodantecedentsofTypeAbehaviorarediscussed.,Orderofinformationelementsinreducedabstracts,P+M=purposeandmethodofthestudyR=resultsC=conclusionsandrecommendations*optional,Exercise:

Analysis,ThereadabilityofindividualincometaxinstructionbookletsinsouthCarolinaandothersoutheasternstates1Todeterminetheunderstandabilityofindividualincometaxbooklets,aReadingEasescorewascalculatedforthe1977Federalincometaxreturnform1040andtaxformsofninesoutheasternstates.2TheinstructionbookletsofallstatesexceptVirginiawerefoundtobeatareadinglevelhigherthanthemedianeducationalleveloftheaveragecitizen-taxpayerinthosestates.3TheSouthCarolinabookletwasthreegradelevelsabovethemedianeducationlevelforthestate.（Continue）,4TheFederalinstructionbookletwaseasiesttoread,fallingfourgradelevelsbelowthemedianeducationlevelofU.S.citizens.5Ifanequitablestateincometaxsystemistobemaintained,actionsmustbetakentoreducethedisparitybetweenmedianeducationlevelsandthereadabilityofstateincometaxinstructionbooklets.Question:

Whichelementsareincludedinsentence1?

Whichelementisrepresentedbythemostnumberofsentences?

Whichelementisrepresentedbythefinalsentence?

Whichelementhasbeeneliminated?

Exercise:

Arrangement,ThedecentralizationofAmericaneconomiclife:

anincomeevaluationThisinvestigationprovidesanationalanalysisofthesegrowthpatternsbyexaminingthebehaviorofthreevariables:

changeinpercapitaincome,populationdeconcentration,andgrowthineconomicproductivity.Theresultssuggestthatthepresenceorabsenceofuniquesetsofindustryfactors,canbeusedtoexplaingrowthvariationinboththecenterandtheperipheryoftheindustrializedregion.C.NationaleconomicanddemographicgrowthpatternsintheUnitedStatesduringthedecadeoftheseventiesshowmarkeddeparturesfromwhathadoccurredinprevioustimes.D.Resultsoftheanalysisshowedthataprocessofdecentralizationoccurred,bestdescribedbycenter-peripheryconcepts.,Exercise:

anincomeevaluationThisinvestigationprovidesanationalanalysisofthesegrowthpattern