AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要.docx

AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要.docx

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AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要

AnOutlineofAmericanHistory

Chaper1EarlyAmerica

•TheFirstAmericans

•Beringia

•TheFirstEuropeans:

•ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmerica--atleastthefirstforwhomthereissolidevidence--wereNorse,travelingwestfromGreenland.

•In1497,justfiveyearsafterChristopherColumbuslandedintheCaribbeanlookingforawesternroutetoAsia,aVenetiansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlandonamissionfortheBritishking.Althoughfairlyquicklyforgotten,Cabot'sjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisforBritishclaimstoNorthAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGeorge'sBanks,towhichEuropeanfishermen,particularlythePortuguese,weresoonmakingregularvisits.

•AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplorationswasthatofHernandoDeSoto,aveteranconquistadorwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.

•WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouth,thenorthernportionofthepresent-dayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlorentinewhosailedfortheFrench,VerrazanomadelandfallinNorthCarolinain1524,thensailednorthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYorkharbor.

•Adecadelater,theFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehope--liketheotherEuropeansbeforehim--offindingaseapassagetoAsia.Cartier'sexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsfortheFrenchclaimstoNorthAmerica,whichweretolastuntil1763.

•FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540s,FrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethenortherncoastofFloridatwodecadeslater.TheSpanish,viewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStream,destroyedthecolonyin1565.Ironically,theleaderoftheSpanishforces,PedroMenendez,wouldsoonestablishatownnotfaraway--St.Augustine.ItwasthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.

•In1578HumphreyGilbert,theauthorofatreatiseonthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,receivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizethe"heathenandbarbarouslandes"intheNewWorldwhichotherEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbeforehiseffortscouldbegin.Whenhewaslostatsea,hishalf-brother,WalterRaleigh,tookupthemission.

•In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNorthAmerica,onRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Itwaslaterabandoned,andasecondefforttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbeforetheBritishwouldtryagain.Thistime--atJamestownin1607--thecolonywouldsucceed,andNorthAmericawouldenteranewera.

•MostEuropeanemigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between1620and1635,economicdifficultiessweptEngland.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwork.Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemorethanabareliving.Poorcropyieldsaddedtothedistress.Inaddition,theIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustry,whichdemandedanever-increasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.

•Landlordsenclosedfarmlandsandevictedthepeasantsinfavorofsheepcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletforthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.

•Majesticrivers--theKennebec,Hudson,Delaware,Susquehanna,Potomacandnumerousothers--linkedlandsbetweenthecoastandtheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.

•Onlyoneriver,however,theSt.Lawrence--dominatedbytheFrenchinCanada--offeredawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesandintotheheartofthecontinent.Denseforests,theresistanceofsomeIndiantribesandtheformidablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondthecoastalplain.Onlytrappersandtradersventuredintothewilderness.Forthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlementscompactlyalongthecoast.

•PoliticalconsiderationsinfluencedmanypeopletomovetoAmerica.Inthe1630s,arbitraryrulebyEngland'sCharlesIgaveimpetustothemigrationtotheNewWorld.ThesubsequentrevoltandtriumphofCharles'opponentsunderOliverCromwellinthe1640sledmanycavaliers--"king'smen"--tocasttheirlotinVirginia.

•IntheGerman-speakingregionsofEurope,theoppressivepoliciesofvariouspettyprinces--particularlywithregardtoreligion--andthedevastationcausedbyalongseriesofwarshelpedswellthemovementtoAmericainthelate17thand18thcenturies.

•Incontrasttothecolonizationpoliciesofothercountriesandotherperiods,theemigrationfromEnglandwasnotdirectlysponsoredbythegovernmentbutbyprivategroupsofindividualswhosechiefmotivewasprofit.

•Jamestown:

ThefirstoftheBritishcoloniestotakeholdinNorthAmericawasJamestown.

•Itwasnotlong,however,beforeadevelopmentoccurredthatrevolutionizedVirginia'seconomy.In1612JohnRolfebegancross-breedingimportedtobaccoseedfromtheWestIndieswithnativeplantsandproducedanewvarietythatwaspleasingtoEuropeantaste.ThefirstshipmentofthistobaccoreachedLondonin1614.WithinadecadeithadbecomeVirginia'schiefsourceofrevenue.

•MASSACHUSETTS

•Duringthereligiousupheavalsofthe16thcentury,abodyofmenandwomencalledPuritanssoughttoreformtheEstablishedChurchofEnglandfromwithin.Essentially,theydemandedthattheritualsandstructuresassociatedwithRomanCatholicismbereplacedbysimplerProtestantformsoffaithandworship.Theirreformistideas,bydestroyingtheunityofthestatechurch,threatenedtodividethepeopleandtoundermineroyalauthority.

•In1620,agroupofLeydenPuritanssecuredalandpatentfromtheVirginiaCompany,andagroupof101men,womenandchildrensetoutforVirginiaonboardtheMayflower.AstormsentthemfarnorthandtheylandedinNewEnglandonCapeCod.Believingthemselvesoutsidethejurisdictionofanyorganizedgovernment,themendraftedaformalagreementtoabideby"justandequallaws"draftedbyleadersoftheirownchoosing.ThiswastheMayflowerCompact.

•InDecembertheMayflowerreachedPlymouthharbor;thePilgrimsbegantobuildtheirsettlementduringthewinter.Nearlyhalfthecolonistsdiedofexposureanddisease,butneighboringWampanoagIndiansprovidedinformationthatwouldsustainthem:

howtogrowmaize.Bythenextfall,thePilgrimshadaplentifulcropofcorn,andagrowingtradebasedonfursandlumber.

•MassachusettsBaywasnottheonlycolonydrivenbyreligiousmotives.In1681WilliamPenn,awealthyQuakerandfriendofCharlesII,receivedalargetractoflandwestoftheDelawareRiver,whichbecameknownasPennsylvania.Tohelppopulateit,PennactivelyrecruitedahostofreligiousdissentersfromEnglandandthecontinent--Quakers,Mennonites,Amish,MoraviansandBaptists.

•WhenPennarrivedthefollowingyear,therewerealreadyDutch,SwedishandEnglishsettlerslivingalongtheDelawareRiver.ItwastherehefoundedPhiladelphia,the"CityofBrotherlyLove."

•Georgiawassettledin1732,thelastofthe13coloniestobeestablished.

CHAPTER2:

TheColonialPeriod

•NEWENGLAND

•NewEnglandshipperssoondiscovered,too,thatrumandslaveswereprofitablecommodities.Oneofthemostenterprising--ifunsavory--tradingpracticesofthetimewastheso-called"triangulartrade."MerchantsandshipperswouldpurchaseslavesoffthecoastofAfricaforNewEnglandrum,thenselltheslavesintheWestIndieswheretheywouldbuymolassestobringhomeforsaletothelocalrumproducers.

•THEMIDDLECOLONIES

•THESOUTHERNCOLONIES

•THESOUTHERNCOLONIES

•SOCIETY,SCHOOLSANDCULTURE

•OfequalsignificanceforthefuturewerethefoundationsofAmericaneducationandcultureestablishedduringthecolonialperiod.HarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636inCambridge,Massachusetts.

•Afewyearslater,theCollegiateSchoolofConnecticut,latertobecomeYaleCollege,waschartered.

•ThefirstimmigrantsinNewEnglandbroughttheirownlittlelibrariesandcontinuedtoimportbooksfromLondon.Andasearlyasthe1680s,Bostonbooksellersweredoingathrivingbusinessinworksofclassicalliterature,history,politics,philosophy,science,theologyandbelles-lettres.In1639thefirstprintingpressintheEnglishcoloniesandthesecondinNorthAmericawasinstalledatHarvardCollege.

•In1704Cambridge,Massachusetts,launchedthecolonies'firstsuccessfulnewspaper.By1745therewere22newspapersbeingpublishedthroughoutthecolonies

•EMERGENCEOFCOLONIALGOVERNMENT

•Inallphasesofcolonialdevelopment,astrikingfeaturewasthelackofcontrollinginfluencebytheEnglishgovernment.AllcoloniesexceptGeorgiaemergedascompaniesofshareholders,orasfeudalproprietorshipsstemmingfromchartersgrantedbytheCrown.

•Fortheirpart,thecolonieshadneverthoughtofthemselvesassubservient.

•Thecolonists--inheritorsofthetraditionsoftheEnglishman'slongstruggleforpoliticalliberty--incorporatedconceptsoffreedomintoVirginia'sfirstcharter.ItprovidedthatEnglishcolonistsweretoexerciseallliberties,franchisesandimmunities

•itwasgenerallyacceptedthatthecolonistshadarighttoparticipateintheirowngovernment.

•inthemid-17thcentury,theEnglishweretoodistractedbytheCivilWar（1642-1649）andOliverCromwell'sPuritanCommonwealthandProtectoratetopursueaneffectivecolonialpolicy.

•Theremotenessaffordedbyavastoceanalsomadecontrolofthecoloniesdifficult