高中英语阅读理解专题.docx
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高中英语阅读理解专题
高考阅读：
通读全文，掌握大意
问题先行，阅读随后
仔细审题，重点再读
全面理解，归纳推理
分析验证，确定答案
阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。
主要考察题型：
主旨大意型；事实细节型；推理判断型；词义猜测型。
高考阅读理解有4篇短文，设置15道单选题，考试时间30分钟。
这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要"快"，又要"准"。
解题注意：
正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选项的关系
与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力。
相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型（是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分），理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干！
对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词含义，否则就忽略它！
所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观
必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为基点，切忌自以为。
同时，符合原文的选项是正确选项但不一定就是最佳选项，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。
1．阅读题干，明确问题------减少盲目性。
2．快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。
3．可在文中相应处作出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。
4．带着问题略读原文，确定答案。
知己知彼，减少失误
有时四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解干扰项的特点，可大大减少失误。
干扰项可分为以下三种：
1．与原文矛盾。
2．无中生有。
即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。
这类选项的干扰较大。
在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。
3．答非所问。
在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。
（1）主旨大意题
题干：
Mainidea,topic,title,purpose,aim,meansto
要求在理解全文的基础上对全文进行高度概括或总结。
应该做到：
①寻找主题句，从而抓住全段中心思想，常见位置是段首句或第二句，但也可能在段尾或段中。
②概括全文，寻找文章中心思想。
各段落中心句的整理归纳便是文章的中心思想。
干扰项：
可能是文中某个具体事实或细节；可能是从文中某些（不完全的）事实或细节片面推出的错误结论；可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
例1
Whetherinthehomeortheworkplace,socialrobotsaregoingtobecomealotmorecommoninthenextfewyears.Socialrobotsareabouttobringtechnologytotheeverydayworldinamorehumanizedway,saidCynthiaBreazeal,chiefscientistattherobotcompanyJimbo.
Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanionsthanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallowsthemtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.
TheJimborobot,arrangedtoshiplaterthisyear,isdesignedtobeapersonalizedassistant.Youcantalktotherobot,askitquestions,andmakerequestsforittoperformdifferenttasks.Therobotdoesn'tjustdelivergeneralanswerstoquestions；itrespondsbasedonwhatitlearnsabouteachindividualinthehousehold.Itcandothingssuchasremindinganelderlyfamilymembertotakemedicineortakingfamilyphotos.
Socialrobotsarenotjustfindingtheirwayintothehome.Theyhavepotentialapplicationsineverythingfromeducationtohealthcareandarealreadyfindingtheirwayintosomeofthesespaces.
FellowRobotsisonecompanybringingsocialrobotstothemarket.Thecompany's"Oshbot"robotisbuilttoassistcustomersinastore,whichcanhelpthecustomersfinditemsandhelpguidethemtotheproduct'slocationinthestore.Itcanalsospeakdifferentlanguagesandmakerecommendationsfordifferentitemsbasedonwhatthecustomerisshoppingfor.
Themoreinteractiontherobothaswithhumans,themoreitlearns.ButOshbot,likeothersocialrobots,isnotintendedtoreplaceworkers,buttoworkalongsideotheremployees."Wehavetechnologiestotrainsocialrobotstodothingsnotforus,butwithus,"saidBreazeal.
（ ）23.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatsocialrobotswill .
A.trainemployees
B.beourworkmates
C.improvetechnologies
D.taketheplaceofworkers
（ ）24.Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?
A.Anewdesignideaofhouseholdrobots.
B.Marketingstrategiesforsocialrobots.
C.Informationonhouseholdrobots.
D.Anintroductiontosocialrobots.
23.本题为推理判断题。
根据最后一段Breazeal的话"Wehavetechnologiestotrainsocialrobotstodothingsnotforus,butwithus,"可以推断出社交机器人可以和我们一起做事情。
24.本题为主旨大意题。
根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社交机器人的功能和作用。
Humanized,humanity,chief,companions,distinguish,respond,response,appropriate,ship,personal,personalized,social,socialize,socialization,assist,assistant,perform,deliver,individual,apply,application,fellow,employ,employee,employment,intend,intention,market,strategy,tactic,-mate~workmate,roommate,classmate
例2
InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket,Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore.ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcostAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralian'sbiggestemployer.YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforcea6ndemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable（不能满足的）society.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?
A.GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers.
B.FordoperatesnotonlyintheU.S.A.,butalsoinAsia.
C.TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers.
D.ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers.
【解析】takesth.awayofsb.和castsb.sth.的意思相似。
本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。
每段的主题句（常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析）一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。
Flood,predict,predicable,prediction,assert,huge-enormous-gigantic-colossal-considerable-magnificent
例3
Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.
ThegreatmathematicianJohnVonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses:
therearewhathecalledgamesof“perfectinformation”,gameslikechesswheretheplayerscan’thideanythingorplaytricks:
theydon’twinbychance,butbymeansoflogicandskills.Thentherearegamesof“imperfectinformation”,likepoker,inwhichitisimpossibletoknowinadvancethatonecourseofactionisbetterthananother.
Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.
1.Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_______.
A.theprocessofreachingdecisions
B.thedifferencebetweenpokerandchess
C.thesecretofmakinggoodbusinessplans
D.thevalueofinformationinwinninggames
process过程，factor因素，puzzle使疑惑。
首段首句即文章主题，Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker，后破折号是解释说明。
后三选项都是用文章细节进行干扰。
Poker,mental,physical,considerableconsiderate,inparticular=particularly,logic,perfect,perfection,perfectionism.imperfect,reverse,inreverse,admit,admission,admitdoingvsadmittodo
例4
Theevidenceforharmonymaynotbeobviousinsomefamilies.Butitseemsthatfouroutoffiveyoungpeoplenowgetonwiththeirparents,whichistheoppositeofthepopularly-heldimageofunhappyteenagerslockedintheirroomafterendlessfamilyquarrels.
Animportantnewstudyintoteenageattitudessurprisinglyshowsthattheirfamilylifeismoreharmoniousthanithaseverbeeninthepast."Weweresurprisedbyjusthowpositivetoday'syoungpeopleseemtobeabouttheirfamilies,"saidonememberoftheresearchteam."They'reexpectedtoberebelliousandselfishbutactuallytheyhaveotherthingsontheirminds;theywantacarandmaterialgoods,andtheyworryaboutwhetherschoolisservingthemwell.There'smorenegotiationanddiscussionbetweenparentsandchildren,andchildrenexpecttotakepartinthefamilydecision-makingprocess.Theydon'twanttorocktheboat."
Soitseemsthatthisgenerationofparentsismuchmorelikelythanparentsof30yearsagototreattheirchildrenasfriends."Myparentsarehappytodiscussthingswithmeandwillingtolistentome,"says17-year-oldDanielLazall,"IalwaystellthemwhenI'mgoingoutclubbing.AslongastheyknowwhatI'mdoing,they'refinewithit."SusanCrome,whoisnow21,agrees."Lookingbackonthelast10years,therewasalotofwhatyoucouldcallnegotiation.Forexample,aslongasI'ddoneallmyhomework,IcouldgooutonaSaturdaynight.ButIthinkmygrandparentswerealotstricterwithmyparentsthanthat."
Maybethispositiveviewoffamilylifeshouldnotbeunexpected.Itispossiblethattheideaofteenagerebellionisnotrootedinrealfacts.Aresearchercomments,"Oursurprisethatteenagerssaytheygetalongwellwiththeirparentscomesbecauseofabriefperiodinoursocialhistorywhenteenagerswereregardedasdifferentbeings.Butthatideaofrebellingandbreakingawayfromtheirparentsreallyonlyhappenedduringthatonetimeinthe1960swheneveryonerebelled.Thenormalsituationthroughouthistoryhasbeenasmoothchangefromhelpingoutwiththefamilybusinesstotakingitover."
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A:
Negotiationinfamily.
B:
Educationinfamily.
C:
Harmonyinfamily.
D:
Teenagetroubleinfamily.
rebellious（叛逆的）。
本文并非开头就告诉主题，而是讲完第一句以后进行转折。
AbutB。
（或者yet，however）。
1.重点在于B；2.A和B形成相反关系。
如果只能看懂A，没关系，B意思相反。
由A可知讲家不和谐，那么取反可知B讲和谐。
看首段（A）Theevidenceforharmonymaynotbeobviousinsomefamilies（关于和谐的证据可能在一些家庭中不明显）.（B）Butitseemsthatfouroutoffiveyoungpeoplenowgetonwiththeirparents,whichistheoppositeofthepopularly-heldimageofunhappyteenagerslockedintheirroomafterendlessfamilyquarrels（五个年轻人中有四个都与家长相处的很好，这与大众的印象是相反，在大众印象里，年轻人总是在无休止的家庭争吵之后把自己锁在屋子里）.
Evidence,proof,harmony,harmonious,obviousapparent,opposite,image,quarrel,rebel,rebellious,rebellion,serve,server,service,servant,material,negotiate,negotiation,process,proceed,generate,generation,muchmorelikely,willingtodo,aslongas,positivenegative,unexpected,beexpectedtodo,root,comment,brief,beregardedas,situation,smooth
例5
Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?
Ateacher?
Ado
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