词汇学答案14章.docx

词汇学答案14章.docx

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词汇学答案14章

第一章

.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.

3.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:

/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/（树）torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,e.g./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.

4.Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.

5.Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.

6.WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.

7.a.loosewomanb.fellowc.pistold.greate.coward

f.fightg.policeh.drunki.womanj.girl

8.haply=perhapsalbeit=although

methinks=itseemstomeeke=also

smooth=truthmorn=morning

troth=pledgeere=before

quoth=saidhallowed=holy

billow=wave/theseabade=bid

9.Neologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro（欧元）,e-book（电子书）,SARS（非典）,netizen（网民）,arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠标）,web（网络）,spaceshuttle（航天飞机）etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.

10.Bynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverdsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.

11.NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.

12.DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloans

kettleconfrerechopsticksdream

diepropatriablackhumour

skirtparvenulongtimenosee

wallWunderkindtyphoon

husbandMikado

第二章

1.TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.

2.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Balto-Slavic（Lithuanian,Prussian,Polish,Slavenian,Russian,Bulgarian）

Indo-Iranian（Hindi,Perian）

Celtic（Breton,Scottish,Irish）

Italic（Spanish,French,Italian,Portuguese,Roumanian）

Hellenic（Greek）

Germanic（English,Swedish,German,Norweigian,Icelangic,Danish,Dutch）

3.Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.Old

Englishhas

（1）asmallvocabulary（50000—60000）,

（2）asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand（3）thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas

（1）acomparativelylargevocabulary,

（2）atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand（3）wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas

（1）ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,

（2）tremendousborrowingsand（3）wordswithlostendings.

Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.

4.ItisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.

5.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.

6.coursehumaneventsnecessarypeopledissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowersseparateequalstationnatureentitledecentrespectopinionsrequiresdeclarecausesimpelseparation

Fromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.

7.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:

（1）Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,

（2）OldEnglishperiod,（3）middleEnglishperiodand（4）ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.

8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]

Falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]

Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]

Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]

9.amateur（late）finace（late）

Empire（late）peace（early）

Courage（early）garage（late）

Judgement（early）chair（early）

Chaise（late）grace（early）

Servant（early）routine（late）

Jealous（early）savate（late）

Genre（late）gender（early）

Debut（late）morale（late）

State（early）chez（late）

Ballet（late）

10.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.

11.allegrof.轻快

Altoi.女低音

Andantej行板

Crescendob.渐强

Diminuendog.渐弱

Fortee.强

Largod.缓慢

Pianoh.轻

Pianofortea.轻转慢

Sopranoc.女高音

12.cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk（AmericanIndian）

Chocolate（Mexican）coolie（Hindi）

Cotton（Arabic）jubilee（Greek）

Lasso（Spanish）loot（Hindi）

Sabbath（Hebrew）shampoo（Hindi）

Snorkel（German）tamale（Mexican）

Tepee（American）tulip（Turkish）

Voodoo（African）kibitz（German）

Wok（Chinese）sauerbraten（German）

13.a.alligatorb.loco

c.rodeod..bonanza

e.igloof.blitzkrieg

g.wigwamh.canoe

i.hurricanej.boomerang

k.poncho

14.thecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:

（1）thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;

（2）ithastremendousborrowingsfromallothermajorlanguagesoftheworld;（3）thewordshavelosttheirendings;（4）itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.

15.themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatisbymeansofword-formation;semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;borrowingwordsfromotherlanguageandrevivalofold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.

第三章

1.a.morphemeb.allomorph

c.boundmorphemed.freemorpheme

e.affixf.inflectionalaffix

g.derivationalaffixh.root

i.stemj.base

2.inflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas–s（-es）,-ed,-ingand–est（toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs）whereasderivationalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.

Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includinginflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords（prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs）,forexample,but,the,doandWas;lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes

3.Individualistic

individualist+ic[stem,base]

individual+ist[stem,base]

individu+al[stem,base]

in+dividu[root,stem,base]

undesirables

un+desirable[stem,base]

desir+able[root,stem,base]

freemorpheme=freeroot

4.morpheme{

Boundroot

boundmorpheme{inflectionalaffix

affix{prefix

derivationalaffix{

suffix

第四章

Enumeratethethreei