近三年上海高考英语真题汇编之概要写作.docx

近三年上海高考英语真题汇编之概要写作.docx

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近三年上海高考英语真题汇编之概要写作

-CAL-FENGHAI.-（YICAI）-CompanyOne1

近三年上海高考英语真题汇编之概要写作

2017~2020年上海高考真题汇编—概要写作

2020年秋考

Arepeopleunique?

Itishumanbeings’pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.

Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsmadebyDianamonkeysandnoticedthatthemonkeysadaptedtheircallstochangethemeaningtowarnoneanotheraboutdifferentsituations.Forexample,theymadea‘krack’alarmcallatthesightoftiger.However,whentheymerelyrepeatedcallsmadebyothermonkeystheyaddedan‘oo’.

Theresearchersfoundthatthesamecallswouldberecognisedbyotherspecies,likeCampbell’smonkeys.Sotheyarecommunicatingacrossspecies.‘Andsincethenwehavefoundthathornbillbirdscanunderstandthesecallsandtheytoocanunderstandallthedifferentmeanings’,saidZuberbuhler.

Whatisalsosurprisingisthatsignsofintelligencehavebeenfoundinbirds,whosesmallbrainswerelongassumedtobeacompletebarriertointelligence.However,allthatischangingfast.AfewyearsagoIrenePepperbergoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologytaughtaparrottorecogniseandcountuptosixobjects,whichcouldn’thavebeenachievedifbirdswereunabletomemorize.

Lastyear,thatwastoppedbyAlexKacelnik,aprofessorofbehavioralecologyatOxford,whodiscoveredthatcrows（乌鸦）arecapableofusingtoolsincomplexorders,thefirsttimesuchbehaviourhasbeenobservedinnon-humans.Inanexperimentsevencrowssuccessfullygrabbedapieceoffoodplacedoutofreachusingthreedifferentlengthsofstick.Crucially,theywereabletocompletethetaskwithoutanyspecialtraining,suggestingthebirdswerecapableofalevelofabstractreasoningnormallyassociatedonlywithhumans.

Allthisispowerfulevidenceagainsttheideathatpeopleareunique.

Scientistshavediscoveredsignsoflanguageandintelligenceinmonkeysandbirds.Somemonkeyscancommunicatevariousmessageswithdifferentcallsinandacrossspecies.Somebirds,likeparrotsandcrows,havetheabilitytomemorizeandreason.Solanguageandintelligencearenotuniquetohumans.

2020年春考

GlobalCooperation

Inthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries（边界）ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsocomplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationiscomingfromthecombiningofcutting-edgeexpertise（专业知识）fromdifferentscientificfields.

Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn’tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.

AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedto‘open-source’thedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,not-for-profitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.

Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Today’sworldcallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.

Inthiscentury,globalcooperationinscienceandtechnologyisdesirablebecausenosinglescientistcanbeaknow-allduetothecomplexityofresearchanddevelopment.Scientistsareworkingtogethertomakebreakthroughs.Theyalsomanagetosolveproblemsbysharingideasinformationfreely.Gonearethedayswhenoneexpertcanmakeitalone.

2019年秋考

Directions:

 Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Beingamongthefirsttotryoutanewpieceoftechnologyiscool.Whenyou’retheonlymemberofyoursocialcirclewiththelatesthotdevice,peoplestareinfascination.However,peopletendtounderestimatethecostsofthistemporarycoolness,whichtheypayinmorewaysthanone.

Franklyspeaking,earlyadoptionisabadinvestment.Theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive,theyarealsothemostexpensivethatthosedeviceswilleverbe.Companiesareattemptingtorecoverthecostofproductionasfastastheycan,andoncetheprofitsfromearlyadopters’purchasesaresafelyintheirhands,theycancutthepriceandshifttothenextmarketingphase:

sellingtheproducttoeveryoneelse.ThisiswhythecostoftheoriginaliPhonedroppedabout$200onlyeightmonthsafteritsrelease.

Thosewhoarefirsttoleapintoanewtechnologyalsoriskwastingmoneyandtimeonsomethingthatwillnevercatchon.In2006,HDDVDs,anewformat（制式）forvideo,enteredthemarket.AfeweagerconsumersboughtHDDVDplayersthatwerediscontinuedinearly2008.Theearlyadopterswerethenstuckwithpriceydevicesthatjustsatontheirshelvescollectingdust.

Anothergoodreasontoresisttheearlyadoptiontemptationisthatthefirstversionofaproducttypicallyhasimperfections.Forexample,whenMicrosoft’sgamemachine,XboxOne,wasfirstreleasedin2013,usersimmediatelybegantocomplainofproblems.Devotedgamersworkedtofindandsharesolutionstotheseissues.Suchproblemsaresocommonwithnewtechnologythatearlyadoptersarebasicallyunpaidtesters.

Sodon’tjointhefirstwaveofconsumerswhoinvestinthelatestversionofdevice;instead,waitandsee.

参考答案：

Itisunwisetobeearlyusersofthelatestdevices.Firstly,thedevices,whenlaunched,areoftenoverpricedbecausecompanieswanttogetbackthecostquickly.Secondly,whatyouhaveboughtcanbeoutofdateverysoon.Finally,thedevicesareverylikelyimperfect.Therefore,don’tbeearlyadopters.

A

1. 在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意两点

2. 需要说明作者对这一行为的态度（开头结尾皆可）It is unwise.../Don't become...（表述可不相同） 如没有表达出这一态度，内容不能拿满分

B

在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意一点的具体内容：

（1） Firstly, the devices, when launched, are often overpriced because companies want to get back the cost quickly.（该要点阐述定价高的理由）

（2） Secondly, what you have bought can be out of date very soon.  （该要点阐述果实很快）

（3） Finally, the devices are very likely imperfect.（该要点阐述设备不完美，如只写“unpaid testers”不准确）

C

必须准确写出主题句及涵盖三个要点，要点可以不展开

1.主题句中“Early adopters /early users of latest devices” 划线部分信息在主题句中没有表述，但下文提及，表述不扣分；但如果下文没有表达清楚是什么的早期使用者术语主题句表述不准确。

2.单个要点：

over priced， out of date，imperfect

D

1. 只提到三个要点，但没有主题句或主题句表述不准确

2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到两个

E

1. 只提到一个或两个要点，但没有主题句或主题句表述不准确

2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到一个

2019年春考

Directions:

 Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Wherearethebees?

Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate（给...授花粉）largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.

In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster（CCD）.ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive（蜂巢）.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.

Thereweremanytheoriesofthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticides（杀虫剂）andlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhatusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.

Nooneknowsforsurewhatcausesbeestodisappear,butlosingbeesisverycostlyfortheeconomy.Beepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldaffectthequalityoffoodandincreasefoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.

参考答案：

Beesaredisappearingrapidly.Themostpersuasiveexplanationisrelatedtopesticidesandtheircurrentlifestyle.Nowbeeshavetotravelaroundasbeekeepersrentthemforpollination.Ontheway,theymaydiefromstressorfoodonadietpollutedbypesticides.Whateverthecause,thelossofgeesdoesgreatharmtotheeconomy.（57w）

评分标准：

内容

5分：

包含三个要点（见3分），并对三个要点中的两个进行说明，如

1.Nowbeeshavetotravelaroundasbeekeep