英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总.docx
《英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总.docx(46页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
![英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总.docx](https://file1.bingdoc.com/fileroot1/2023-8/3/c07db7b9-3f8b-4b59-ad98-3b7ff49dc77d/c07db7b9-3f8b-4b59-ad98-3b7ff49dc77d1.gif)
英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总
大学英语四级语法精要
一、动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
〔一〕时态
1、主动形式
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
did
do
will/shalldo
should/woulddo
进行
was/weredoing
am/is/aredoing
will/shallbedoing
/
完成
haddone
have/hasdone
will/shallhavedone
should/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气
完成进行
hadbeendoing
have/hasbeendoing
/
/
2、被动形式
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/weregiven
am/is/aregiven
Will/shallbegiven
should/wouldbegiven
进行
was/werebeinggiven
am/is/arebeinggiven
/
/
完成
was/werebeinggiven
am/is/arebeinggiven
/
/
完成进行
/
/
/
/
·CET-4常考的三种时态:
过去完成时;将来完成时;〔现在/过去〕完成进行时。
·时间状语从句当中的时态:
一般过去时所有的过去
用一般现在时表示现在和将来
现在完成时现在完成和将来完成
3、现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
·I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
4、过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
·Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
5、将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
·Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
6、将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
将来某时会业已发生的事.
·Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
〔二〕语态
1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
·Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
·能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计〞,“相信〞等意义的动词,常见的有:
assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。
·Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
2、担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。
·Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?
Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)
3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
1〕双宾语结构的被动语态:
双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保存在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。
·Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
2)宾补结构的被动语态:
·ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
4、短语动词
1〕Vi.+adv.:
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
2〕Vi.+prep.:
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
3〕Vi.+prep.(有被动语态):
She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.
4〕Vi.+adv.+prep.:
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
5〕Vt.+O+adv.:
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
6)Vt.+adv.+O(无被动语态):
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
7〕Vt.+O+prep.:
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
〔三〕省略
1、在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一局部(特别是动词be)省略掉.
1〕Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
2〕IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
2、在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
1〕Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
2〕Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
3、错误的省略
1〕HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
2〕Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
〔四〕一致
1、主谓一致〔与插入语无关〕
1〕主谓的分隔原那么:
主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
2〕定语从句中的主谓一致
3〕随前一致:
n. + together with;as well as;including;along with;with / of;accompanied with / by
4〕就近原那么
5〕如果主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。
·Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourcountry.
·Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheriscoming.
·Theheadmasterandthemathematicalteacherarecoming.
·类似的还有:
law and order;bread and;butter black and white;To love and to be loved is …;A lawyer and a teacher are…;A lawyer and teacher is …
6〕随后原那么:
not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)
7〕百分比结构:
most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent;of+n1+v.〔由n1决定〕
8〕倒装结构的主谓一致:
·There be +n 由名词决定动词
·Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:
Among / Between …+系动词+n. 〔由名词决定动词〕
9〕The+adj.的主谓一致:
·当表示“一类人〞
·当表示某一抽象概念时。
例:
The good is always attractive.
10〕To do/doing/主从+vs.例:
More than one+n.;many a +n.;a day or two
2、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
·Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
3、代词作主语时一致
1〕each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,作单数看待.
·Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
2)some,few,both,many等作复数
3)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。
none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
·Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.
4〕all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数.
4、由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.
1〕Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.
2〕如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.
·Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.
5、people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.
1〕Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
2〕有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.
·Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.
Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.
Theaudiencewasenormous.
Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.
3〕有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:
·Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.
Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.
Thisspeciesisnowextinct.
Thesespeciesarenowextinct.
6、表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):
·Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.
Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.
7、其他问题
1〕书名,国家名用单数:
·TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.
2)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.
3)manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:
·Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.
Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.
4〕anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:
·Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.
5〕oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句〞结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形式:
·Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
6〕当one之前与theonly等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式:
·Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
二、非谓语动词
〔一〕不定式
1、形式
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
todo
tobedone
完成式
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
进行式
tobedoing
完成进行式
tohavebeendoing
1)完成式:
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假设不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.
·Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).
(比拟:
Iamgladtoseeyou.)
Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
2)进行式:
如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.
·Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.
Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.
Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.
3)完成进行式:
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.
·Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.
Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.
4)被动式:
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.
·Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.
Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.
Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.
2、不定式的常考形式:
1〕一般形式:
Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.
被动形式:
Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.
语法功能:
表示与谓语动词同步发生
2〕完成形式:
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
被动形式:
Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.
语法功能:
表示发生在谓语动词之前
3、不定式常考的考点:
1〕不定式做定语----将要发生
2〕不定式做状语----目的
3〕不定式充当名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.
4、不定式的省略
1〕感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性
Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
〔强调动作〕
2〕感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:
Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.
3〕使役动词:
havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要复原to
I’dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.
4〕help;helpsbdo;helpsbtodo;helpdohelptodo
5、有些动词后只跟不定式如:
want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect,allowsb.todo,causesb.todo,permitsb.todo,enablesb.todo,forcesb.todo,bemorelikelytodo,lovetodo,warnsb.todo,beabletodo,beambitioustodo,begintodo,starttodo
6、有的时候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom(oneself)to,beaccustomedto,faceupto,inadditionto,lookforwardto,objectto,bereducedto,resignoneselfto,beresignedto,resortto,sinkto,beusedto,bealternativeto,beclose/closenessto,bededication/dedicatedto,beopposition/opposedto,besimilarity/similarto.
7、功用:
不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).
a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.
b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.
c.Oneofourmainta