职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc.docx

职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc.docx

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职称英语考试真题及答案理工类B级doc

2020年职称英语考试真题及答案（理工类B级）

CanyouhearThis?

Whensomethingcreatesasoundwaveinaroomoranauditorium（礼堂），listenershearthesoundwavedirectlyfromthesource.Theyalsohearthereflectionsasthesoundbouncesoffthewalls,floor,andceiling.Thesearecalled

thereflectedwaveorreverberant（反射的）sound,whichcanbeheardevenafterthesoundisnolongercomingfromthesource.

Thereverberationtimeofanauditoriumisdeterminedbythevolumeorinteriorsizeoftheauditorium.Itisalsodeterminedbyhowwellorhowpoorlythewalls,ceiling,floor,andcontentsoftheroom（includingthepeople）absorbsound.Thereisnoidealreverberationtime.Thefull-soundperformanceofmusicsuchasWagneroperasorMahlersymphoniesshouldhavealongreverberationtime.The

light,rapidmusicalpassagesofBachorMozartneedareverberationtimesomewherebetween.

Acousticproblemsoftenarecausedbypoorauditorium

design.Smooth,curved（弯曲的）reflectingsurfacescreate

largereflections.Parallel（平行的）wallsreflectsoundback

andforth,creatingarapid,repetitivepulsing（有节奏的跳

动）effect.Largepillars（柱）andcornerscancauseacousticshadowsasthesoundwavestrytopassaroundtheobject.

Someoftheseproblemscanbesolvedbyusingabsorbersandrelectorstochangethereverberationtimeofaroom.Forexample,hanginglargereflectors,calledclouds,overtheperformerswillallowsomesoundfrequenciestoreflectandotherstopassyoachieveapleasingmixtureofsound.

1.ThisPassageismainlyabout

Asoundwavesandtheiracousticeffect.

Bthetypesofmusicorchestrasplay

Cwallsofanauditorium

Dthedesignofanauditorium

2.WagneroperasandMahlersymphoniessoundfullerinanauditoriumwith

~2/3~

Aashortreverberationtime

Balongreverberationtime

Canintermediatereverberationtime

Dnoreverberationtime

3.Thispassagesuggeststhatagoodauditoriumshould

Aachieveapleasingmixtureofsound

Bgetridofallreflections

Cnothaveabsorbers.

Dhavesmoothsurfaces

4.Largepillarsandcornersmay

Amakesoundrichandfull

Bbecuresforsoundproblems

Cbesourcesofsoundproblems

Dfunctionaswellasclouds

5.Theword“acoustic“inthelastparagraphhassomethingtodowith

AperformanceBMusic

CsoundDnoise

SmartWindow

Windowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricity

useforlighting，butthelightcomingthroughthewindow

alsoprovidesheat.However，windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.

“Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindow

reallyis,”saysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid

statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3.“It’s

contactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisual

contactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.”So，

-

windowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.

Yet，windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenit

comestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewinter，cold

airleaksin.Whenit’shotandsunny，sunlightstreams

in.Allofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.And

allofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirair

conditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair，whichcanfeelso

refreshing，actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.

Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchfora

longtime.Overtheyears，scientistshavecomeupwitha

varietyofstrategiesforcoating，glazing，andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.

Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochange

color.Forexample，asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayers

ofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlike

abattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeis

appliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremoved，thatis，when

theamountofvoltageisdecreased，thewindowdarkensuntil

it’scompletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.

Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmart

isthatithasasortof“memory.”Allittakesisasmall

joltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Then，itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutes，dependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthat

massiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.“Inthe

future,”Granqvistsays,“ourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.”

练习：

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotindicatetheimportanceofwindowsasdescribedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?

AWindowscanchangefromcleartodarktosaveenergy.

BWindowshelptosaveenergybylettinglightin.

CWindowshelptosaveenergybyprovidingheat.

DWindowsenablepeopletohavecontactwiththeoutsideworld.

2.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding?

AInthecoldwinter.

BInthehotsummer.

CWhenairconditionersareturnedon.

DBothAandB.

3.Whataresmartwindows，accordingtoParagraph4?

AWindowsthatarecoated.

BWindowsthatareglazed.

CWindowsthecolorofwhichcanbechanged.DWindowsthathavemanylayers.

4.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolorappliedtothewindowglass?

AElectricity.

，whatis

BTungstenoxide.

CAbattery.

DAvoltage.

5.Whatwillhethebenefitiftheresearchonsmart

windowsturnsouttobesuccessful，accordingtothelastparagraph?

AThebuildingswilllookdifferent.

BWindowscanbeaslargeasyouwant.

CWemaynotneedairconditionersanymore.

DTheyarelessexpensivethantraditionalwindows.

词汇：

flipn.&v.用手指轻弹，轻击

tungstenoxide氧化钨

airconditioner空调（器）

joltn.&v.震摇，颠簸，晃动

refreshingadj.使人清爽的

electrochromicadj.电致变色的

glazev.装玻璃，用玻璃覆盖

voltagen.电压

chromogenicadj.发色的

airconditioning空调，空调系统

注释：

1.cuttingedge：

本意为“（刀片的）刃口，刀刃”;比喻意为“最先进的，科技含量的”。

2.anywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch：

就在开或关

的一霎那。

3.UppsalaUniversityinSweden：

瑞典的普拉大学。

普

拉是瑞典部一座城市，位于斯德哥摩的西北方向。

答案与解：

1.A第一段告我窗因阳光入房，并且房提供源，所以了能源。

第二段，窗使人能接触外部世界。

所

以B、C和D都明了窗的重要性。

第一段最后一句，研究者正在

能窗亮度，但并没有已成功，所以A是的法，是准确。

2.D短文第三段的第一句：

windowsaretheweaklinkinabuilding，接下来是句分寒冬和炎夏做了明。

所以D是准确。

3.C第四段告我，多年来，科学家已研究出多种通窗

能的法，而smartwindows使用的技使窗能色。

所以是准确。

C

4.B第五段第二句提供了答案。

asheetofglasscoatedwith

thinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxide是“涂上一薄薄的⋯⋯”的意思。

coated

中的

5.C短文最后一段的第五句提供了答案。

理工B完形填空

WarmerClimateWillBakeTropicalBugs

Globalwarmingcouldcooktropicalinsects,withunpredictableknock-oneffects,sayresearcherswhowarnthatrisingtemperaturesalso

（51）tropicalfrogs,lizards（蜥蜴）.

Temperaturesare（52）toincreasemuchfasterin

temperateandpolarregionsthaninthetropics.Butno-onehadlookedathowwarmingwouldaffectinsectsandothercold-bloodedanimals（53）hadevolvedintropicalregionswithlittletemperaturevariation.

CurtisDeutschattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesandcolleaguesanalyseddata（54）insectsurvivalandreproductionfor38speciesindifferentecosystems,andthenestimatedhowthesevalueswould（55）withpredictionsofclimatechangeforthe21stcentury.

Theteamfoundthatthereproductive（56）oftropicalinsectstendstopeakveryclosetothetemperatureswheretheynormallylive,but（57）sharplyathighertemperatures.Thismeansthatcrankinguptheheatonlyasmallamountcanexertaheavytoll,leavinginsectsunabletoreproduce（58）enoughtokeepuptheirnumbers.

Temperaturetolerance

Temperateinsectsreproducewelloverabroaderrange,anddonotliveas（59）totheirthermallimit,sotheycanreproducesuccessfullywhentheirclimatewarmsmorethaninthetropics.

“Tropicalinsectsdoverywellinanarrowbandoftemperatures,butmovethemabovethat（60）andtheydie,saysteammemberJoshTewksburyoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.

”

Theheartofthe（61）istemperaturetolerance.emperate-zoneinsectshaveevolvedtosurvivethemuchbroadertemperatureswingsofseasonalclimates,thanhavetheirtropicalrelatives.

The（62）appearsworseforanimalsthatliveinhotstableclimateofthelowerlevelsoftropicalforests.

Lizardsinclearareascanfindshadetocooldown,butthose

livingintheforestarealreadyinthe（63）,andthere’snotmuchtheycandotogetcooler,Deutschsays.

Toofewtropicalinsectshavebeenstudiedsofarto（64）ifanyparticulargroupwillbeparticularlyhard-hit,saysTewksbury.Insectsplayimportant（65）inforestecology,includingpollination,andeatingdetritustorecyclecarbon.

Theteamarenowstartingtoevaluatehowtemperatureaffectsecologicalinteractionsofinsectswithotherspecies,includingcropssuchasAfricancorn.

Journalreference：

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademy

ofSciences（DOI：

10.1073/pnas.0709472105）

ClimateChange–Wanttoknowmoreaboutglobalwarmingthescience,impactsandpoliticaldebate?

Visitourcontinuallyupdatedspecialreport.

：

Endangeredspecies–Learnmoreabouttheconservationbattleinourcomprehensivespecialreport.

参考答案：

51.threaten52.ex