最新物流外文文献翻译.docx

最新物流外文文献翻译.docx

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1.TheDefinitionofLogistics

Aftercompletingacommercialtransaction,logisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier（seller）tothecustomer（buyer）inthemostcost-effectivemanner.Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics.Duringthetransferprocess,hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment（logisticscarriers）areneeded,aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization.Inaddition,supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace.

Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics

（1）Creatingtimevalue:

samegoodscanbevalueddifferentatdifferenttimes.Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess,whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageoflogistics.Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.

（2）Creatinglocationvalue:

samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferentlocations.Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics.

（3）Distributionprocessingvalue:

sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength,thicknessandpackagesofthegoods.Likepopularsaying,“cuttingintosmallerparts”isthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods.

2.Logisticsisanewcommercialarea,developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone.Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostageinclude:

（1）Modernlogisticsadoptscontainerizationtechniques.Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging,followedbytransportation,storageanddistribution.Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards.Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600×400mm,fromthelogisticsmoduleof1,200×1,000mm,andenlargetothesizeof2,591×2,438mm-thesizeofhigh×wideofthecontainer.Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains,trucksandships.

（2）Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics.BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities.Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment,operationandmanagementofthelogisticsindustry.

3.InternationalLogistics

Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesareinvolvingininternationalmarketsthroughexporting,licensing,joinsventures,andownership.Thistrendshouldcontinue.Withsuchexpansionthereisaneedtodevelopworldwidelogisticsnetworks.Integratedlogisticsmanagementandcostanalysiswillbemorecomplexanddifficulttomanage.

Therearesomefuturetrendsininternationalization:

（1）Morelogisticsexecutiveswithinternationalresponsibilities

（2）Expansionofthenumberandsizeofforeigntradezones.

（3）Reductionintheamountofinternationalpaperworkanddocumentation

（4）Moreforeignwarehousingisownedandcontrolledbytheexportingfirm

（5）Increasingnumberofsmallerfirm

（6）Foreignownershipoflogisticsservicefirms,e.g.,publicwarehousingandtransportationcarriers.

（7）Increasingmultipledistributionchannels

Theinternationaltransportandtheinternationallogisticsaresamethingsinsomeway.So,whentheinternationaltradinginvolved,thefirmmustestablishinternationallogisticssystemstoprovidetheproductsandservicedemanded.Themostsignificantdevelopmentininternationallogisticswillbetheincreasingsophisticationinformationsystemadoptedandindependentdepartmentstooperate.

4.Packaging.

Packagingperformstwobasicfunctions–marketingandlogistics.Inmarketingthepackagingactspromotionandadvertising.Itssize,weight,color,andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct.Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing,packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant.Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlingoperations.Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics.

Scrapdisposal.Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle,transport,andstorewasteproducts.Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled,logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothere–productionandre–processinglocations.

Returngoodshandling.Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution.Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons.Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases.Inmanyindustries,consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair,replacement,orrecycling,reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh.Reversedistributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies.

5.ThirdPartLogistics（TPL）

ThirdPartLogisticsprovidesallthelogisticsservices.Theyactasabridgeorfacilitatorbetweenthefirstpart（supplierorproducer）andthesecondpart（buyerorcustomer）.Theprimaryobjectivesofthirdpartlogisticsprovidersaretolowerthetotalcostoflogisticsforthesupplierandimprovetheserviceleveltothecustomer.

ThirdPartLogisticshavebeengrowingrapidly.Costreductionanddemandsforbatterandcheaperservicesarethemaindrivesbehindthegrowth.Athirdpartlogisticsproviderwillbeinapositiontoconsolidatebusinessfromseveralcompaniesandofferfrequentpick–upsanddeliveries,whereasin–housetransportationcannot.Otherreasonsareasfollows:

*Thecompanydoesnotspecializeinlogistics;

*Thecompanydoesnothavesufficientresources;

*Eagertoimplementbetterlogisticsoperationordoesnothavetimetodeveloptherequiredcapabilitiesin–house;

*Thecompanyisventuringintoanewbusinesswithtotallydifferentlogisticsrequirements;

*Mergeroracquisitionmaymakeoutsourcinglogisticsoperationsmoreattractivethantointegratelogisticsoperations.

6.GlobalLogistics

Developedcountriesoftendealwithglobalizationintwoways:

tobemorecostcompetitivewiththirdworldcountries,andtolookfornewpartnersinothercountriestomanufacturecomponents,subassembliesandeventhefinalproducts.Thesecondapproachforcesmostdevelopedcountriestogetintoanewareacalled“globallogistics”.

Benefitsofglobaloperationsincludecheaprawmaterialsandendproducts,lowerlaborcost,betterquality,increasedinternalcompetitionandbettercustomerservice.Someofthedisadvantagesareunreliabledelivery,poorcommunicationandlongertimefromdesigntofinishproduction.Challengesareoftenculturalandlinguisticdifferences,legalrequirements,logisticssuppliersormanufacturers,exchangerates.

Therearethreemajorflowsinvolvedingloballogistics:

materialflow,documentflowandcashflow.

7.LogisticsintotheFuture

Logisticsischangingatarapidandaccelerationrate.Therearetworeasonsareitsrapidgrowth:

Firstly,pressuretochangebythedevelopmentofthesystemitself

（1）High–speedcomputinganddatatransmissioncaninstantlytransmitandreacttouserdemand

（2）Moreflexibleandaccuratelogisticplanningandcontrolthroughcomputersanddataprocessing

（3）Flexiblecomputerfacilitieshelpproblemsolvingandincreasedecisionsaccuracy

（4）Awarenessoftotalcostmeasurementandmanagementaccounting

Secondly,pressuresforchangesfromthewidereconomy.

（1）Beflexibleinhandlingmarketsofdifferentsizesforbettercompetition

（2）Thereisincreasingspecializationinmarketsandgrowthinretailing.

（3）Lifecyclesforproductsareshortening.Logisticssystemsneedtobemoreefficient,fasterandmoreflexible

（4）Movefrommassproductiontowardsflexiblemanufacturingsystem（FMS）.Thesesystemsenableacompanytoswitchproductionquicklyfromoneproducttoanother

（5）Competitivepressuresleadtomoreeffortstoimprovecustomerservice.

8.Theprocessoflogisticalintegrationcanbedividedintofourstages:

Stage1.Beganintheearly1960sintheUSAandinvolvedtheintegrationofallactivitiesassociatedwithdistribution.Separatedistributiondepartmentsweretocoordinatethemanagementofallprocesseswithinphysicaldistributionmanagement（PDM）.

Stage2.PDMwasappliedtotheinboundmovementofmaterials,components,andsubassemblies,generallyknownas“materialsmanagement”.Bythelate1970s,manyfirmshadestablished“logisticsdepartment”withoverallresponsibilityforthemovement,storage,andhandlingofproductsupstreamanddownstreamoftheproductionoperation.

Stage3.Logisticsplaysanimportantcoordinatingrole,asitinterfaceswithmostotherfunctions.Withtheemergenceofbusinessprocessre–engineering（BPR）intheearly1990s,therelationshipbetweenlogisticsandrelatedfunctionswasredefined.“Systemintegration”occurred.Cross–functionalintegrationshouldachievegreaterresults.

物流的定义

在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商（卖方）流转到顾客（买方）的过程。

这就是物流的定义。

在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备（物流运输工具等）的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。

此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。

物流的三大主要功能

（1）创造时间价值:

同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。

在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。

储存创造了商品的时间价值。

（2）创造场所价值:

同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。

这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。

（3）同配送加工价值:

有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。

物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。

大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。

2.物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。

这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:

（1）现代物流采用了集装技术。

商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。

整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。

以物流基础模数尺寸600×400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸1200×1000MM,并将其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。

并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。

（2）信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。

条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。

而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。

国际物流

很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。

这种趋势仍将持续。

随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。

整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。

国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势：

（1）物流将更多地承担起国际义务

（2）对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大

（3）国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少

（4）更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制

（5）小企业的数量增长

（6）物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商

（7）增加多配送渠道

从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。

因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。

国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和