欧洲文化入门重要信息点.docx

欧洲文化入门重要信息点.docx

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欧洲文化入门重要信息点

Introduction

1、TherearemanyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:

Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

DivisonOne

GreekCultureandRomanCulture

1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.

3、AncientGreece’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

4、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

5、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

6、Threemastersintragedy三大悲剧大师

1Aeschylus

PrometheusBound—→ShellyPrometheusUnbound

2Sophocles（之首）

OedipustheKing—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”（恋母情结）—→DavidHerbertLawrence’sSonsandlovers

3Euripides

A．TrojanWomen

B．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”（社会问题剧）

C．ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”（一个纯粹的人）

D．RealismcanbetracedbacktotheAncientGreece.Tobespecific,Euripides.

7、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.

Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.

Swiftsaysofhim“AsforcomicAristophanes,Thedogtoowittyandtooprofaneis.”

8、History（Historicalwriting）

“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war（betweenGreeksandPersians）

ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.

“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”—→Thucydides—→war（Sparta,AthensandSyracuse）

9、①Euclid’sElements解析几何

ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.

②Archimedes

Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.（Archimedes）

10、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.（罗马征服希腊的标志）

From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

11、ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

12、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:

republicandempire.

13、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

14、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions（罗马军团）

15、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.（神圣罗马帝国）

16、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

17、TheRomanLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians（平民）.

18、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

19、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast（theByzantineEmpire）andWest.

20、Cicero西赛罗

hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

anenormousinfluence（巨大影响）onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.

21、Virgil:

Aeneid阿尼德

22、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

23、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

24、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式

25.ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.

HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?

（1）、Threefounders

1、Pythagoras

①Allthingswerenumbers.

②Scientificmathematics.

③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue

①Fireistheprimaryelementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源

②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus

①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者

②materialism.唯物主义

（2）、Threethinkers

1、Socrates

①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

2、Plato

①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

3、Aristotle

①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

②Aristotleisahumanist.

（2）、Fivecontendingschools

1、TheSophists诡辩派

①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论

③Hisdoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”.

2、TheCynics犬儒派

①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.

3、TheSceptics置疑学派

①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

4、TheEpicureans享乐派

①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.

②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.

Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.

Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.

5、TheStoics斯多哥派

①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

Oneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.

DevelopedintoStoics’duty.

Hewasalsoamaterialist.

What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas（system）？

1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.

2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld

3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife，butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.

WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神

TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.

2、SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就

TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:

Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.

3、Lastingeffect持续的影响

①Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.

②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics经典之作:

Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.

③Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.

DivisionTwo

TheBibleandChristianity

1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.

2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture:

JudaismandChristianity.

3、TheJewishtradition,whichgavebirthtoChristianity.（犹太教是基督教的前身）

BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.

4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.

5、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.

6、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:

theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.

7、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.

8、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.

9、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

10、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.摩西五经

11、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

12、Noah’sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

13、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks:

1200B.C.586B.C.

DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.

14、TheHistoryBooks

①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.

②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制

③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成

④Thesettlementinthehighlands

⑤AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,DavidandSolomon.

15、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.

16、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew（马塞福音书）

17、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.

WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions?

Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.

1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.

2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.

（加尔文主义也有这样的观点）

Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?

1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.

2、Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.

Divis