英语.docx
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英语
常用动词及动词短语的用法
一.1.lie与lay的区别
lie----lay----lain----lying躺
lie----lied----lied----lying说谎
lay----laid----laid----laying放,搁
2hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死,吊死)的区别
hang----hung----hung----hanging悬挂
hang----hanged----hanged----hanging绞死
3.rise与raise
rise----rose----risen(vi.)raise----raised----raised(vt.)
4.experience(v.&n.经历n.经验)与experiment(n.&v.实验)
5.loose(松开,解开)与lose(丢失)
6.insiston(坚持)与stickto(坚持)
7.effect(n.效果v.使有效)与affect(v.影响),effort
二,常用动词的词义与搭配
Have:
1.havesth.done
havesb.(sth.)doing
havesb.do
havesb.(sth.)done/doing…/do…
在否定句中have可表示"允许,忍受,容忍".
e.g.We'llnothaveyoutellhimwhattodo.(不允许)
Theycan'thavethatsortofthinghappening.(容忍)
I'veneverhadanythingsaidagainsther.(不容忍)
2.表示"有"时带不定式做定语表"将来",带分词做定语表"正在进行"
【比较】Hehasalotofworktodo.(带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,todo与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I'llgotothepostoffice;doyouhavealettertobeposted(post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式)
(二)。
Make:
1.句型:
make+宾语,make+双宾语,make
+宾语+名词,make+宾语+adj.,make+it
+adj./n.+todosth./that-clause,make
sb./sth.do,makesth./oneselfdone
2.短语:
makeanapologyto…;makeaface;makealiving;makeamistake;makeaspeech(作演讲);makefriendswith;makefunof;makeroomfor;makeuseof;makethebestof(尽量利用,善用);makepreparationsfor;makesentenceswith;makerepairs;makegreat/rapidprogress;maketrouble(引起麻烦);makeone'sway(前进,行进);makeupone'smind;makeup(构成,弥补,虚构,打扮);makesure/certain;makeabed(铺床);makeadecision;makeadiscovery;makeajourney;makeaplanfor;makeaneffort(努力);makedifference(区别);makelaws(制订法律);maketea(沏茶);makearecord(录制唱片);makemoney;makeachoice(进行选择);makeasuggestion(提建议),makewar(开战)
DO
注意do和make:
一般说来,"do"含有"进行某项活动"的意思,而"make"含有"造出新东西"的意思.
dobusiness(做买卖),dosb.afavour,dosome/much/mycooking,dowrong,dosb.good/harm/wrong(dogoodtosb.)(对……有益/有害/冤枉),dotheroom(整理房间),doawaywith(取消,废除),docopies(复制),doone'shair(做头发),doone'sduty,dotheopposite(做相反的事),dothedeed(生效)
(三)Go:
goupstairs,gotoprison,gotosea(去航海),gotothesea(去海滨),gotothecinema/movie/pictures,goshopping,begone((人)不在,走了;(物)丢失,用完了),gohungry,goby((时间)过去;经过(地点)),godown(下去;(船等的)下沉),goon((时间)过去,流逝(相当于goby);继续),goout(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),goover,goondoingsth.,goontodosth.,goonwithsth.,goforawalk,goavisitto,gotocollege
(四)Suppose:
1.表"认为,猜想"时否定,疑问,回答的方式.
e.g.Isupposehe'lltroubleyouagain,won'the?
Hedoesn'tsupposeyouareright,doeshe?
简略答语常说:
Isupposeso/Idon't
supposeso(Isupposenot.)
具备这种用法的词还有:
think,imagine,believe
注意:
常说Ihopeso(not),I‘mafraidso(not),Ifearso(not),I’msureso(not).
2.作插入语
e.g.Whodoyousupposetelephonedmeyesterday?
3.接复合宾语用tobe做补足语,不用todo结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式.
e.g.Isupposehimtobefifty.
Shewassupposedtohavelefthome/tobewriting.
(五)Consider:
1.consider+宾语(名词,代词,从句,动名词或不定式的疑问式)考虑
2.consider+宾语+宾补(名词,形容词,不定式tobe或tohavedone)认为
3.considerit+名词或形容词+todosth.
4.consider…as…认为,把…看做
三.常用动词的词义与搭配
(一)Catch
1.抓住catchsb.bythearm,catchsb.bysurprise(乘其不备抓住……)
2.钩住,挂住Shecaughtherdressonthenail.=Herdressgotcaughtonthenail.
3.染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂,清)
catchacold,catchthebus,catchwhatyousaid,catchupwith
4.偶然(突然)撞见,发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构.
catchsb.stealingmoney,be/getcaughtin/bythestorm
(二)Give
giveaconcert,givelessonsto,givealecture,givesb.adviceon…,givesb.amessage,givesb.aring,giveareporttosb.(向……汇报),givebirthto(产仔),givemedicalcareto(对……进行治疗),giveout(耗尽),giveoff(发出(光,热等)),giveup,giveaway(泄露),giveone'slifefor(为……而献身),givein
(三)Take:
takepictures/photographs/photos,takeaseat,takeaim(瞄准),takeaninterestin(对……发生兴趣),takenotes(记笔记),takenotice(注意),takeone'schance(抓住机会),takeone'sleave(告辞),takeoffice,takepityon(怜悯),takesteps(采取措施),takethechair(主持开会),takeiteasy(别着急),takesidesin(站在……一边),takeone'stime(不急),taketurnstodosth.,takeone'stemperature,takeone'splace,take…forexample,takechargeof,takepridein,takeanaction(采取行动),takeoff,takeaway,takeup,takeholdof,takeamessagefor,takegreattroubletodosth.,takeexaminations,takeitforgrantedthat…(认为……当然),takesth.bymistake(错拿某物)
(四)Call:
callat(someplace),callonsb./callon(号召)sb.todosth.,callfor要求提倡邀约,callin(adoctor),callout出动唤起大声叫出来,callup征召,call/drawone'sattentionto(引起某人注意某事)
(五)Come:
1.cometo
e.g.WhenIcametocooking,heshowedgreatinterest.(谈到)
Wecametoknowthis.(gettoknow=begintoknow)
Hecametoseeyou.(=cameandsaw)
Finallyitcameto(itself).(苏醒)
ThebookcametohowtolearnEnglish.(涉及)
Itcomestothesamething.(结果是)
Thenumbercomesto1000.(达到)
2.其它短语:
comeafter(跟着……,为找……而来),comeout(出来,(花)开,出版),comeat=jumpupon(扑向),comeuptosb.,comeon/upon=comeacross,comedown(下来,减少),comeintopower(上台),comeintobeing(形成),comeintouse(使用起来),cometrue,comealong(一起走,快点)
(六)Get:
getoutof=getawayfrom=escape(躲避,逃避),getalong/on(well/badly)with,getonthebus,getin(进来),getinthecrops,getintouchwith,getintotrouble,getintothehabitof,getoff=startoff(离去,动身),getofftheboot,getoffwork(下班),getoffagoodstart(起了个好头),getoverthedifficulties(克服困难),
getovertheriver,getridof,getround=getabout(传开),getthroughthework(做完工作),getthroughthetest,getsb.throughto(给某人接通电话),getdownonone'sknees,getdown=writedown,gettodoingsth.(开始做),getdownto,getbacktosth.(重新做……,重谈……),getsth.back,getsb.todosth.,getthecargoing
(七)Turn:
turnagainst,turnover,turnin,turnup,turntosb.forhelp,turndoctor,turngreen
(八)Look:
lookthroughthebook(浏览),lookonthebook(与某人同看),lookinto(看里面,调查),lookup(查阅,仰视),lookabout(看四周),lookdownupon/on,lookupon/on…as,lookout,lookover(看过一遍),lookforwardto
(九)Put:
putaway(放好),putoff(推迟),puton(穿上,上演),putout(发行,熄灭),putdown(放下,记下,镇压),putup(张贴,举起,建立),put…into…(送入,输入,把……翻译成……),putsb.tobed(哄某人睡觉),putforward(提出),putone'sheartinto………,putupwith(容忍,忍受)
四,需注意的常用动词的习惯搭配
1.有些动词常跟双宾语.
bring,fetch,give,hand,leave,read,send,teach,offer,tell,wish
2.有些动词常跟复合宾语.
1)跟名词作宾补的动词有:
call,name,make,elect,think,find,leave
2)跟不定式作宾补的动词有:
cause,force,intend,prefer,remind,hear
3)跟形容词作宾补的动词有:
make,paint,cut,keep,find,prove,leave
4)跟分词作宾补的动词有:
hear,feel,have,make
3.有些动词本身的含义,避免添加意义重复的词,如:
return,repeat等
五常用动词辨析
1.七穿:
puton,wear,haveon,dress,bein,pullon,tryon
dress作及物动词时,意思是"给……穿衣服",可跟别人,也可跟反身代词.
dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作.bedressedin和bein后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称.
wear和haveon都表示状态.Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况.haveon不用于进行时态.puton表示动作,其反义词为takeoff.haveon,wear,puton可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服,袜,鞋,手套,首饰,眼镜等.
pullon表示动作迅速,其反义词为"pulloff".tryon,fit…on表示穿戴的动作,意为"试穿(衣服),试戴(帽子)".
2.三建议:
advise,persuade,suggest
advise表示“劝说,建议”,而persuade表示“说服”的结果和结论.
搭配:
advisesb.(not)todosth.,advisedoingsth.,advisethat-clause(虚拟语气),persuadesb.(not)todosth.,persuade/talksb.intodoingsth.,persuadesb.outofdoingsth.,persuadesb.ofsth.(使某人相信某事),suggestdoingsth.,suggestthat-clause(虚拟语气或不用)
3.三个看起来:
seem,look,appear
以上三个词都可表示"好像",而且往往可以相互替换.但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear有时说明外部表象是一种假象.
seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加tobe,而look不能.
seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能.
seem和look均可接like+名词或v.-ing形式.
seem,look均可接asif+从句.(虚拟语气或陈述语气)
seem,appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look不能.
appear,seem,look作系动词时,常常只用一般现在时或一般过去时.
4.四打击:
beat,hit,strike,knock
beat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏,竞赛或战争中击败对方,与win,defeat同义.
hit作"击中"或"打"解,并带有瞄准某物而击中之意,强调打一下,而且是直接接触某物.
strike作"敲打,撞击"解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,强调迅速性,突然性.
knock撞倒,重敲:
knockon/atthedoor,knockintosb.
5.五输赢:
win,defeat,beat,gain,fail
beat用于比赛,游戏,搏斗,辩论等竞争性活动,后接"对手"表结果.
win后接比赛,辩论,战斗,奖品,荣誉,胜利等名词,表"获得,争得,赢得".
defeatsb.在战斗,战争,比赛等中击败对手,表暂时行为.
gain获得,赢得所需之物,通过竞争所得时与win换用.
fail失败,短语搭配有:
fail(in)theexamination,failtodosth.(没能做……)
6.四想要:
hope,wish,want,expect
hope表示对愿望的实现抱有一定信心,这种希望往往是可以实现的,其搭配有:
hopetodosth.,hope+宾语从句,hopefor,hopeforthebest(作最好的打算).
wish希望,但愿,往往用来表示"祝愿",后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反的事情,从句中使用虚拟语气,其搭配有:
wish(sb.)todosth.,wishsb.+n.&adj.,wish+that-clause
want想,普通用语,表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:
wantsth.,want(sb.)todosth.,wantsth.+p.p.,
want/need/requiredoing=want/need/requiretobedone
expect期望,预期,料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:
expectaletterfromsb.,expect(sb.)todosth.,expectthat-clause.
总之,
1)hope(want,wish,expect)todosth.
2)hope(expect,wish)+that-clause,但want不能.
3)expect(wish,want)+sb.todosth.,但hope不能.
4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能.
7.七花费:
spend,cost,pay,take,charge,
buy,sell
spend,cost和take都是"花费"的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多.
pay和charge的区别在于pay意在"支出",charge却意在"收入",试比较:
e.g.Ipaidtheowner100yuanforthecoat.
Theownerchargedme100yuanforthecoat.
buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是“买”,另一个是“卖”,都可跟双宾语.
注意:
1)与pay有关的习惯短语:
payback,payoff付清工资,payattentionto,payone'srespectsto(向……表示敬意),payavisitto
2)cost和pay都作名词:
theproductioncost(生产成本)
3)cost与beworth的区别,cost是"花费",而beworth意在"价值".
8.四收到:
receive,accept,admit,get
receive系被动地"收到","接到",与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系.
accept系主动地"接受",其动作是由主观愿望所决定的.
admit强调准许,接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意.
get在"接到","收到"之义上可与receive交换.
注意:
1)在表示"接纳","接受"某人加入某一团体或组织时,既可用admit,也可用receive.如:
admit/receivesb.intotheParty吸收某人入党
2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse(拒绝)的反义词.
3)在英语中,像receive与accept这样成对的词或短语很多,前者表示动作,后者表示结果.如:
look(at)/see,listen(to)/hear,lookfor/find,puton/wear,
gettoknow/know,trytodosth./managetodosth.,
advise/persuade,shootat/shoot,build/complete
9.addupto,addup,add…to…,addto
addupto意为"加起来总和是……",它可以引申为"总起来就意味着""等于".
addup意思是"加起来".
add…to…意思是"把……加在(到)……上(中)".
addto意思是"增加,增添".
10.agreeto,agreewith,agreeon
agreewithsb./sth.同意某人的"看法".
agreeo