美国文学英语专业期末考填空题整理.docx

美国文学英语专业期末考填空题整理.docx

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美国文学英语专业期末考填空题整理

IMBstandardizationoffice【IMB5AB-IMBK08-IMB2C】

美国文学英语专业期末考填空题整理

ChapterOne

TheColonialPeriodand17thCenturyLiteratureofPuritanism

1.JohnSmith:

thefirstofAmericanliteratureiswrittenbyhim.ATruerelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginia（1608）,wasalongreportrecordingwhathesawandheardinNewEngland.

2.还有一些人道主义作家则认为应与印第安人和平相处，甚至主张与印第安人通婚（EdwardTaylor）

3.SuchreligiousandculturalbackgroundofthePuritanwriterswasresponsibleforthetwoessentialcharacteristicsoftheearlyAmericanliterature:

theirreligioussubjectandimitationofEnglishliterarytraditions.（eliteinNewEngland,这就是长期美国文学长期没有自己文学的传统的原因之一）

4.AnneBradstreet’spoemsofreligiousexperienceanddomesticintimacywereuniqueandgenuine,delicateandcharming,embodyingherprofoundunderstandingofreligionandhumanity.

5.TheColonialPeriodand17thCenturyLiteratureofPuritanism

Historicalnarrative,poetry（historyreligionsexperience）,sermons

6.PuritanismwascentraltocolonialAmericanliterature,itsimpactcouldfindexpressioninalmostallrespectsconcerningliterature.

7.Inkeepingwiththebeliefthatliteratureshouldconcernitselfprimarilywithspiritualvalues,thesermonbecamethemosthighlydevelopedandthemostpopularofPuritanliteraryforms,sinceitstightandlogicalstructure,itspreciseandcompactexpression,anditsavoidanceofrhetoricaldecorationexcellentlyillustratedPuritanaestheticandmoraltheories.

8.AstothePuritanconceptofbeauty,theybelievedthatbeautywas,asThomasHookerdefined,“thatsweetcorrespondenceandorderlyusefulnesstheLordfirstimplantedintheorderofthings,”thusthePuritansequatedbeautywithutilityandorder.

9.Twocolonies:

16071620

ChapterTwoThePeriodofEnlightenment

1.The18thcenturyAmericanhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:

onewasAmericanRevolutionandtheotherwastheEnlightenment.（rationalisticspirit/rationalism,AgeofReason）

2.AmajorfeatureofAmericanliteratureinthe18thcenturyisits“utilitariantendency”.

3.浪漫主义前驱：

PhilipFreneau“poemsofRomanticfancy”suchasTheWildHoneySuckle

4.Theproseofthegreatphilosopher-statesmanmakesupaprominentpartof18thcenturyAmericanliterature.Itincludestwoparts.Thefirstispoliticalproseandthesecondistheproseinothermeanings.

3.JohnAdam,publishedinBostonDaily4anonymousessays.Superficiallyspeaking,hisessaysweretocriticizetheStampActsandtheotherActsimposedonthenorthernAmerican.

4.ThomasPain:

CommonSenseisthemajorliterarycreationtodrivetheindependenceofthenorthernAmerica.

四个原因：

theStampActs;nolongerthemother;separatedbyAtlanticocean;thesizeofterritory.

5.JohndeCrevecoeurHismasterpieceis“LettersfromanAmericanFarmer”（1782）

Americanculture:

motherland;experience;newcontinent

HisconceptofindividualismisquitesimilartothatofFranklin’s,buthisresponseofconfusiontotheindependencewarisquitedifferentfromFranklin’soptimism.

6.BenjaminFranklinisthespokesmanofEnlightenmentmovement

TheindividualismcenteredonmakingafortuneillustratedinAutobiography,andtheindividualismbasedonTranscendentalismadvocatedbyEmersonandDavidThoreauformthematerialandspiritualbasisforthedeep-rootedindividualisminAmericanhistory.

Individualism:

materialaspect（BenjaminFranklin）

Spiritualaspect（RalphWaldoEmersonandDavidThoreau）

7.PhillisWheatley

SheisthefirstfemaleAfricanAmericanpoet.Wheatley‘spoetrywasrediscoveredinthe1830sbythenewEnglandabolitionists,butitisnoexaggerationtosaythatshehasneverbeenbetterunderstoodthanatthepresent.Herrecentcriticshavenotonlycorrectedanumberofbiographicalerrorsbut,moreimportant,haveprovidedacontextwhichherworkcanbebestreadandherlifeunderstood.ThisreconsiderationshowsWheatleytobeaboldandcannyspokespersonforherfaithandherpolitics;sheearlyonjointhecauseofAmericanindependenceandtheabolitionofslavery,anticipatingthatwhenAmericanNegroesfirstheardthe“sonsofliberty”cryforfreedomtheywerechockedbyindifferencetotheirown“abjectslaveryandutterwretchedness.”Itdoesn’ttakeaphilosophertoseethattheexerciseofslaverycannotbereconciledwitha“principle”thatGodhasimplantedineveryhumanbreast,“LoveofFreedom”.Shewascorrectinremindinghimthattherecouldbenojusticeanywhereifpeopleinauthorityweredeaftothehistoryofhumansorrow.

WiththepublicationofWheatley’sPoems,HenryLouisGates,Jr.hasargued,“Wheatleylaunchedtwotraditionsatonce-----theblackAmericanliterarytraditionandtheblackwoman’sliterarytradition,whichisuniqueinthehistoryofliterature.”

Race;class;gender

8.TheGreatAwakeningwasainAmericanreligioushistory.

ChapterThreeNewEnglandTranscendentalismandTheRomanticAge

1.TheargumentbetweenHamiltonandJeffersonledtotheformationoftwopartiesinAmerica,onewasFederalistPartyandtheotherwasDemocraticRepublican（注意）.

2.Expansion:

purchasing;annexation;war

3.PhilipFreneauisthefatherofAmericanrationalismliterary,atransitionalcharacterbetweenneoclassicismandromanticism.

4.Romanticismsuchaflourishingliteraturealsoresultedfromthepower,imagination,andopportunityquickenedbydemocracy,nationalism,andtherapidgrowthofeconomy.

5.TheworksofWashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooperandWilliamCullenBryantmadeAmericanliteratureworksadvanceshouldertoshoulderwithEuropeanliterature.ThegenuineindependenceofAmericanliteraturewasachievedbythecontributionsofthosemenofletterasRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvilleandWaltWhitman.

6.WashingtonIrvingTheSketchBook《札记集》,acollectionofessays,sketches,andstories,includingtheimmortal“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”,appearedseriallyintheyears1819to1820,securelyestablishedIrving’sreputationathomeandabroad,anddesignatedthebeginningofAmericanromanticism.

Escapism;revolution

Thenatureplaysanimportantroleinthenovel.Sheisnotonlytheshelterbutalsotheparameterofthechangingworld.

7.WilliamCullenBryant

LongfamousasthefirstAmericanlyricpoetofdistinction,WilliamCullenBryantglorifiedthemorningoftheAmericannationalliterature.（thebeginningofromanticism）

In1811,hehadfinishedthefirstdraftofhisbestknownpoem“Thanaopsis”,whosepublicationin1817broughthimnotonlyhisfirstsuccessbutalsogeneralattentiontohisextraordinarygenius.HisfirstcollectionPoemsappearedinBostonin1821,whichincluded“ToaWaterfowl”《致水鸟》,“Thanatopsis”《死亡随想曲》and“TheYellowViolet”《黄色的堇香花》establishedhispositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.

NaturewasthechiefthemeofBryant’spoetry,andbesides,religion,andconcernforhumanitarianreformsandnationalmoralitywerepersistentthemes.NatureisthesymbolofGod.

8.SowecancalltheromanticismbeforetheemergenceofTranscendentalismasthepre-romanticism,andtheromanticismafterTranscendentalismaspost-romanticism.

9.EdgarAllanPoe

Asacreativewriterandcritic,heemphasizesthesignificanceoftheartthatappealssimultaneouslytoreasonandemotion,andheholdsthatwhentheworkofartisproduceditisnolongerafragmentofitscreator’slife,noranadjunct（附件，附属于）tosomedidacticpurpose,butanobjectofartcreatedinthecauseofbeauty.

浪漫主义代表；现实主义先驱

10.RalphWaldoEmerson

SpokesmanofTranscendentalism

Name-sakeRalphWaldoEllison（黑人InvisibleMan）

NotMeNaturevirtueintellect

Therelationshipofnature,manandGodformsthebasisofEmerson’sconceptof“Oversoul”.

Hisideaisfurtherexpressedin“AmericanScholar”and“ThePoet”.Emersondefinedthescholarsas“ManThinking”insteadof“Thinker”.

11.NathanielHawthorne

ThecentralsubjectofHawthorne’smajorworkswasthehumansoul.

Hawthorneprobedandpioneeredthe“romanticlegendtradition”.InTheHouseoftheSevenGables,hedistinguishedromanticlegendfromnovelandconfirmedthattheformercouldoffertheauthorthecreativefreedominthemeandform.RomanticlegenddidgiveHawthornethefreedomtoshakeoffthechainofthecontemporaryfashioninnovelcreation,andcreatedaworldof“AsIf”.Inthisworld,realityandimaginationreflectedmutuallyanddefinedoneanother.Withsymbolism,theinnerconflictofhumannatureandtheindividualinnerpsychologycouldbeillustrated.IntheprocessofHawthorne’screation,wecanfindthatheprogressivelyretreatedfromtherealityandrecededintohisimaginedorsymbolizedworld.

12.InAmericanpoetryofthe19thcentury,thereweretwodevelopingtrends.

OnewasinitiatedbyBryant,anddevelopedtoitsconsummationinthehandsofsuchpoetsasLongfellow,JohnGreenleafWhittier,JamesRussellLoweletc..Thepoemsinthiscategoryalsodepictedthefamiliarromanticsubjectmattersuchasthenatureandthemediocrethings.Butgenerallyspeaking,whatthiskindofpoemsinheritedwasmorethanwhattheyinnovated.

ThesecondcategorywasrepresentedbyEmersonandWaltWhitman.ThepoemsinthiscategoryweredeeplyinfluencedbyTranscendentalismandbroughtnewfactorstoAmericanpoetryintermsoflanguagestyle,form,andcontent.They,tosomedegree,setaboutanewdevelopmentforAmericanpoetry.

13.HenryWadsworthLongfellow

APsalmofLife第一首翻成中文的诗歌

14.WaltWhitman

一是freeverse,二是constantchangeincontent,三是Heterosexuality,都表现了民主。

ChapterFourTheAgeofRealism

1.MarkTwain

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（1884）isTwa