Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804~1864)25页PPT.pptx

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804~1864)25页PPT.pptx

《Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804~1864)25页PPT.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804~1864)25页PPT.pptx（25页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Chiefworks,TheTwice-ToldTales（1837）Hawthornesfirstcollectionofshortstories.Itfirstbroughthisnametotheattentionofthepublicandthecriticalcircle.MossesfromanOldManse（1846）Hissecondcollectionofshortstories.FinishedwhilehewasworkingasasurveyoroftheCustomsHouse.TheScarletLetter（1850）ItprovedaliterarysensationwhichestablishedHawthorneasthegreatAmericannovelist.,ItreceivedwiderecognitionandbecameHawthornesmasterpieceandoneoftheworldsclassicsintheend.,TheHouseoftheSevenGables（1851）ItisbasedonthetraditionofacursepronouncedontheauthorsfamilywhenhisgreatgrandfatherwasajudgeintheSalemwitchcraft.TheMarbleFaun（1860）astoryonthethemethatevileducatesandtheconfrontationwithevilwillelevateyoursoul-thetragicriseisbornoutoffortunatefall.,ThematicConcerns,Hawthornesfictionshowstheeffectoftimeandhistory,esp.therelationshipbetweenthepastandthepresent.Hisfictionexploresthesourceofevil;theinnerworldofmanandexaminestheeffectofsinandguilt.Hisfictionrevealsthemoralisolationoftheindividualversuscommunity.Hisfictionexploresthetensionbetweenthehead（theintellect）andtheheart（thefeelings）aswellasthedestructiveimpulseofthehumanmind（id）,Hisfictionhighlightstheholinessoftheindividualandthenecessityofhumanrelationship.StyleHawthornewroteintheformofromanceandallegory.Hawthorneusedsymbolsandsettingstorevealthepsychologyofthecharacters.Hawthornesstyleissoft,flowing,easyintransition.Histouchislight,buthisobservationissomber.Heusedambiguitytohelpthereaderinaworldofuncertainty.Tocreatetheambiguity,heoftenemployedthetechniqueofmultipleviews.,LiteraryTerms,Romanceaformofnarrativewritingoriginatedfromthemedievaltimethatdealswithexcitingandchivalricadventuresbyheroes.Inmoderntimesaromanceisusuallyalovestory,esp.asentimentalone,butitcanalsobeanyadventuresthatincludealongtheme.Allegoryaformofnarrativewritinginwhichthepeople,objectsoreventsareusedsymbolocallytoputacrossaparticularmeaning（usuallymoralorreligious）,TheAnalysisofYoungGoodmanBrownItsanallegoryaboutthemoralconditionofman.Itssymbolicoftheuniversalprocessofmansinitiationfrominnocencetomaturity.ItbestexemplifiesHawthornesviewsofevilanditsdominanceoverhumansouls.,AnalysisofScarletLetter,Para1WhatsHestersreactiontotheconfrontedshame?

Whatwouldsustainhertosurvivethetorture?

Whatsherattitudetolaw?

Whatsheranticipationforherfuturelife?

AnalysisofScarletLetter,Paragraph2-3WhatstheauthorsrationalizationofherchoicetoremaininEngland?

WhatdoesthisshowaboutHawthornesviewofsinandpenance?

AnotherreasonforhertoremaininEnglandissecret.Whatisit?

Paragraph4.WhatsHestersdwellingplacelike?

Whatatmosphereiscreatedthroughthedescriptionofthesurroundings?

Para.5HowdoesHestermanagetosupportherselfandherchildren?

AnalysisofScarletLetter,PARA.6HowpopularisHesterssewing?

Whyisthereanexception?

Para.7WhatkindoflifedoesHesterlead?

WhatspecialmeaningisendoweduponHestersneedlework?

AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,Heideggersstudy:

Ifallstoriesweretrue,Dr.Heideggersstudymusthavebeenaverycuriousplace.Itwasadim,old-fashionedchamber,festoonedwithcobwebs,andbesprinkledwithantiquedust.Aroundthewallsstoodseveraloakenbookcases,thelowershelvesofwhichwerefilledwithrowsofgiganticfoliosandblack-letterquartos,andtheupperwithlittleparchment-coveredduodecimos.OverthecentralbookcasewasabronzebustofHippocrates,withwhich,accordingtosomeauthorities,Dr.Heideggerwasaccustomedtoholdconsultationsinalldifficultcasesofhispractice.Intheobscurestcorneroftheroomstoodatallandnarrowoakencloset,withitsdoorajar,withinwhichdoubtfullyappearedaskeleton.Betweentwoofthebookcaseshungalooking-glass,presentingitshighanddustyplatewithinatarnishedgiltframe.Amongmanywonderfulstoriesrelatedofthismirror,itwasfabledthatthespiritsofallthedoctorsdeceasedpatientsdweltwithinitsverge,and,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,wouldstarehiminthefacewheneverhelookedthitherward.Theoppositesideofthechamberwasornamentedwiththefull-lengthportraitofayounglady,arrayedinthefadedmagnificenceofsilk,satin,andbrocade,andwithavisageasfadedasherdress.Abovehalfacenturyago,Dr.Heideggerhadbeenonthepointofmarriagewiththisyounglady;but,beingaffectedwithsomeslightdisorder,shehadswallowedoneofherloversprescriptions,anddiedonthebridalevening.Thegreatestcuriosityofthestudyremainstobementioned;itwasaponderousfoliovolume,boundinblackleather,withmassivesilverclasps.Therewerenolettersontheback,andnobodycouldtellthetitleofthebook.Butitwaswellknowntobeabookofmagic;andonce,whenachambermaidhadliftedit,merelytobrushawaythedust,theskeletonhadrattledinitscloset,thepictureoftheyoungladyhadsteppedonefootuponthefloor,andseveralghastlyfaceshadpeepedforthfromthemirror;whilethebrazenheadofHippocratesfrowned,andsaid,-Forbear!

AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,倘种种传言无误，海大夫的书房一定非比寻常。

这屋子阴暗破旧，蛛网垂垂，灰尘厚厚。

沿墙一溜橡木书橱，底层挤满巨大的对开本与黑体字的四开本。

上层是羊皮纸封面的十二开本。

中间的书橱上摆一尊希波克拉底的铜像，据可靠消息，海大夫每遇疑难病症就向这位医家鼻祖讨教。

屋子最阴暗的角落，立着一只又高又细的橡木柜，柜门虚掩，里头多半是具骷髅。

有两只书橱之间挂着块镜子，高大的镜面盖满灰尘，镜框的镀金业已褪色。

与这镜子相关的奇谈之一是，被海大夫治死的病人亡魂就住在镜子里，只要他朝镜子瞧一眼，亡魂们就对他怒目而视。

书橱对面装饰着一幅全身画像，画中人是位年轻女郎；浑身绫罗绸缎，容颜与那身华服一样日久褪色。

半个多世纪以前，海大夫差点儿就娶了这位姑娘，可惜由于忙中出错，小姐误吞恋人一剂药，婚礼前夜芳魂悠悠出窍。

这座书房怪中之怪还没说呢。

那是一部笨重硕大的对开本书籍，黑皮装帧，巨大的银搭扣。

封面无字，无人知晓此书标题。

但谁都知道此书具有魔法。

有一回，女仆抬起它来，不过想刷刷灰尘，木柜里的骷髅便格格乱响，画中女郎也抬起一只脚走下地板，大镜子里探出好几张鬼脸，而希波克拉底的铜像则眉头一皱，斥道：

“别动！

”,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,sectionIWhatimportancedoesaroseplayinthestory?

WhowasSylviaWard?

WheredidDr.Heideggergetthewaterinthevase?

Describethe“magic”water.WhydoesntDr.Heideggerwanttobeyoungagain?

HowdidtheguestsreacttoDr.Heideggerssuggestionthattheydrawupafewgeneralrulesfortheirguidance?

AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,sectionIIWhydidthecharactershavetobethekindonecouldnotadmire?

Didtheiractionsafterdrinkingthemagicliquidimpressyouasfunnyorsad?

WhatisHawthornesanswertothequestiononwhichthestoryhinges:

wouldweliveourlivesdifferentlyifwecouldlivethemover?

Doyouagreewithhisconclusion?

Whatvalueisthereinspeculatingonasituationthatcouldnothappeninactuallife?

AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,Whatisthefunctionofthemirrorinthestory?

Doyoufeelthatthismanipulationaddstoordetractsfromtheeffectivenessofthestoryasawhole?

Whichelementsinthestoryareromantic?

Whicharerealistic?

Wasitgoodtohavearatioofthreementoonewoman?

Whynottwomenandtwowomen?

WhydoyouthinkHawthornechoseawomanwhoinheryouthhadbeencourtedbythemen?

AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,Isthestoryanallegory?

Ifso,inwhatway?

Whatsymbols,ifany,areused?

HowdoesthisstoryillustrateHawthorneswritingintermsofthemeandtechniques.AnalyzethisstoryintermsoftherelatedprinciplesofshortstorywritingformulatedEdgarAllanPoe.（refertopage69Highlight）,ReviewofPoesFormulationofShortStory,AccordingtoPoe:

theprimarypurposeofashortstoryistocreateaneffect,thenthewritermayproceedtofindtheeventsandcharactersinaidofconstructingtheeffect.Theveryfirstsentenceofthestoryshouldbringoutthiseffect.Ashortstorymustbeworkofbrevity-tobereadatonesitting.Itshouldbetheworkwithtotalityofeffect-theunityoftone,setting,charactersetc.Nowordshouldbeusedwhichdoesntcontributetothe“pre-establisheddesign”ofthework.Itistheworkofauthenticityandfinality-thelastsentenceshouldleavethereaderwithasenseoffinality.,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,PlotAneccentricagingphysician,Dr.Heidegger,callstogetherhisoldfriendsandcontemporariestotesthiswatersofthefountainofyouth.Asthedoctorhimselfsitsbytoenjoytheshow,eachofhisfouragedfriendseagerlyquaffsmoreandmoreofthemagicpotion,eachdraughtfurthercarryingthembackwardsintotheirsharedyouth.Havinggrownyoung,smooth-skinnedandagileagain,thethreemenbegintofightforthefavorsofthefourthcompatriotnowrestoredtoherformerbeauty.,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,Intheheatofthefracas,theybegintogrowtiredandknockovertheglassandsplashthemagicwater.Withinminutestheeffectofthewaterhaswornoff.Theparticipantsinthebriefrespitefromoldagearedevastatedbythetransienceoftheexperience.DespiteHeideggerswarningthathehaslearnedtoappreciatetheadvantageofagebywatchingthefourofthemmakethemselvesfools,theylearnednosuchlessonandresolvetomakeapilgrimagetoFloridatoseektheFountain.,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,Characters,Dr.Heidegger-ascientistwhoistheprotagonistofthestory.ColonelKilligrew-amanwhothroughouthislifehashadmanydifferentsexualpartnersandmanydifferentpleasures.Mr.Medbourne-oncearichmerchantwholostmostofhismoneygambling,butclaimedthathelostitinastockinvestment.Mr.Gascoigne-apoliticianwhosecareerwascutshort.WidowWycherly-formerlyabeautifulwomanlovedbythethreegentlemen.Whenthefourdrinktheliquid,shebecomesbeautifulagainandeverybodystartstocompeteforherhand.,AnalysisofDr.HeideggersExperiment,CommentDr.HeideggersExperimentisashortstorywrittenbyNathanielHawthorneandpublishedin1837.Intheallegoricaltale,Dr.Heideggerexperimentsonfourofhisfriendsbyofferingthemwaterfromthefountainofyouth.Thisgivesthemtheabilitytogrowyoungonceagain.Allfour,whohaveledwast