工作中创新的必要性.docx

工作中创新的必要性.docx

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工作中创新的必要性

　工作中创新的必要性

创优论文整理

　　　在日常的工作中因为需要增加适应性竞争力和劳动力市场的灵活性,是为了促进创新和创造力（通过实践来学习和学习使用），于是如何灵活均衡运用成了必须具备的学习项目。

终身学习在快速变化的市场背景下是至关重要的，它可以让人们在就业中学习到新技能以便于更好的工作。

本文指出在创新过程中的创新思路和技能，研究角色技能在劳动力市场中占据的比重,以及创新活动中描述和职业参与的量化技能的多样性。

罗马尼亚的公共资金与欧盟成员国资金相比,行动的主要方向以促进创新和建立创新政策的原则。

我们举一个现实的研究案例,假设需要把罗马尼亚劳工市场变为“永久”[1],会出现增加竞争力、市场动态、使用新技术、信息的数量、工作不安全感、劳动力市场波动等。

这些过程的出现会使失业率上升和长时间的经济危机发生的加剧,通过终身学习会发现，灵活运用劳动力市场和就业保障的转型才可能保证不使这一现象全球化。

　　Inthecontextofrapidchanges,lifelonglearningisessentialinkeepingpeopleinemploymentbymakingagoodaspossiblecorrespondencebetweennewskillsandbetterjobs.Theincreasedflexibilityoflabourmarketduetotheneedtoincreaseadaptabilityandcompetitivenessmustbebalancedbyinstantflexiblelifelonglearningprograms,whichpromoteinnovationandcreativity（learningbydoingandlearningbyusing）.Thearticledefinesinnovationandskills,investigatestheroleoflabormarketskillsintheinnovationprocess,describesandquantifiesthediversityofskillsandoccupationsinvolvedinspecifictypesofinnovationactivity.HavinginmindRomanian’slowpublicfundingcomparedtotheEUStates,theprinciplesoftheinnovationpolicyandmaindirectionsofactionareestablishedinordertopromoteinnovation.

　　Weconsideranusefulandtimelystudy,giventheneedtobringtheRomanianlabormarketto"permanentrush"[1],thatincreasecompetitiveness,dynamicmarkets,usingnewtechnologies,thevolumeofinformation,jobinsecurity,labormarketvolatilityetc.Theseprocessesappeareddifficulttocontroltheintensificationofglobalization,risingunemploymentandtheoccurrenceofprolongedeconomiccrisisthatrequiresthetransformationoftheflexiblelabormarketandemploymentsecuritybyensuringthecontinuoustrainingwhichhasaprimaryrole.Thenextperiodwillbecharacterizedbydynamicgrowthmarketsandcompanieswillbelookingforinnovativestaff,welltrainedtocontributetotimelycompletionofprojects,adaptedtofluctuatingmarket:

sharpincreaseinproduction,ordersandcircumstantialcontingencies.Inthenewcontext,competitivenessisnotsomethingoptionalentrypriceishimselfonthecourt

（1）.EverythingchangesinameasuretocounteractacceleratedandemergingchallengestolookforanotheranswerthatwillleadtoincreasingadaptabilityoflabormarketsinparticularEuropeanandRomanianlabormarket.Thesolutionfoundbyacademicsandscientiststothischallengewastheconceptofflexicurity,basedonthefundamentalideathatthetwodimensionsofflexibilityandsecurityarenotcontradictory,butsupporteachother.Theconcepthasbeenwidelydebatedandinterpreteddifferentlybythesocialpartners,thereareseveraldefinitions,amongwhich,asapoliticalstrategy[3]orasamultidimensionalconcept[4].Therefore,adaptingtonewchanges,requiremoreflexiblelabormarketcombinedwithlevelsofsecurity,addressingthenewneedsofemployeesandemployers.People'sconfidenceinfutureemploymentopportunitiesinhumancapital,indecentworkandlabormarketdevelopmentneedsurgentlytobestrengthened.Atthesametime,companiesrequireanappropriatebusinessclimate,transparentandlegalframeworktoincreasebusinesspotentialandcreatenewjobs.Securityrelatestotrainingopportunitiesforallworkers,especiallythosewithlowskillsandolderworkerstoenhanceskillsandachievingupwardmobility.Inconclusion,itwantsanewinteractionbetweenflexibilityandsecuritythatemphasizesthepotentialofobtainingresultssuchas"win-win"（advantageousforbothemployersandemployees）,whereitwastraditionallyperceivedasaconflictofinterest[5].

　　Increasedflexibilityoflabormarketsduetotheneedtoincreasecompetitivenessmustbeoffsetbycontinuingflexibletrainingprograms,courtsthatpromoteinnovationandcreativity.Competencies（skills）forlaborinnovationhaveakeyroleinincreasinginnovationwhichhasnowbecomeadecisivefactorofeconomicdevelopment.Forcompaniestoadaptquicklyandsuccessfullythenewchallengesneedinnovativeemployeestobeunitedforthesamepurpose.Ingeneral,thereisacausalrelationshipbetweenincreaseddemandforhighlevelsofeducation,trainingandskillsandoffertechnicalandorganizationalinnovation.Intheliterature,hasshownthatinvestmentinequipment,innovationandhumancapitalaregenerallycomplementaryandmutuallyreinforcing.Risingskillrequirementisdetermined,ontheotherhand,theintensityofcompetitionhaschangedthestrategyofmanycompaniesacrossthediversifiedqualityproduction.Ontheotherhand,indevelopinganddisseminatingtechnicalandorganizationalinnovationsanimportantroleisplayedbynon-S&TWorkforce.Intheliteraturetherearemanydefinitionsoftheconceptof"skill",andthereisnogenerallyacceptedprecisedefinition（TheNotionof"skill"hasbeenoneofthemostelusiveandhardesttodefineconceptsinLaborEconomics"（Lafer,G.（2002）,

　　TheJobsTrainingCharade,CornellUniversityPress,IthacaandLondon,2002:

75）.Ingeneral,thisconceptreferstoassetsproductiveworkforce,whichareacquiredthroughlearningactivities.InBussinesDictionary,theconceptof"skills"isdefinedas"AnAcquiredAbilityandcapacitythroughdeliberate,systematically,andSustainedefforttosmoothlyandadaptivelycarryoutactivitiesorjobfunctionsinvolvingcomplexideas（cognitiveskills）,things（technicalskills）,and/orpeople（interpersonalskills）".Themainindicatorsusedintheliteraturethatreflectstheimpactoftechnologicalchangeonthequalificationsare:

distributionofemploymentbylevelofoccupation,employmentdistributionbylevelofeducation,methodsofallocationoflaborbylevelofeducationandbelongingtoasectorofperformance（inmeaningofstatisticsinRomania）,measuringchangesinjobtasksandcharacteristicattributesneededtosucceedatwork,studiesofemployersoremployeestodetermineskilllevelsneededtosucceedatwork.Investmentininnovationintensityisnothomogeneousontheeconomy,butvariesconsiderablydependingofindustryandcompanysize.Investmentgeneratesavarietyofskillsworkforceneededtoimplementactivities.

　　Innovationisdefinedas"theimplementationoftheneworsignificantlyimprovedproduct（goodorservice）,orprocess,anewmarketingmethodoranewmethodinbusinessOrganisationalpractices,workplaceorganizationorexternalrelations"（OsloManual,ThirdEdition,OECDandEurostat,2005:

46）.Researchanddevelopmentisakeypartofinnovationactivity,definedintheliteratureas"creativeworkundertakensystematicallyonthebasisinordertoincreasethestockofknowledge,includingknowledgeofpeople,cultureandsociety,andtheuseofthisstockofknowledgetodevisenewapplications"（FrascatiManual,6thedition,OECD2002b）."Researchdevelopmentincludesthreeactivities:

basicresearch,appliedresearchandexperimentaldevelopment.Toidentifytheimportantskillsinachievinginnovationstudieshavebeenundertaken[5]whichrevealedthatoveraquarterofbusinessthathaveinnovatedbelievethatlackofqualifiedpersonnelwasaconstraintintheirabilitytoinnovate.Otherfactorssuchasdirectcost,smallsizeandexcessiveriskmarketbarriershavebeenidentifiedasahighpercentageofcompaniesthathaveinnovated.Thereareavarietyofnecessaryskillsforinnovationandalsodifficulttoachieveacorrelationbetweendifferentmeasuresofskills,suchasoccupationandeducation,ontheonehandandintensityofinnovationintheindustry,ontheother.

　　Analyzingthedistributionoflaborbysexandeducationallevel,Figure1.,Wecanseethatwomenrepresentthelargestshareintotalworkforcewithhigherlevelsofeducation,collegesofsupervisorsandspecializedortechnicalschool-namely,50;66%;50,.36%and48,24%.Instead,onecanobserveahigherproportionofmenamonggraduatesofvocationalschoolsandapprenticeship–70,83%respectively,comparedto29,17%forwomen,indicatingthatmenleaveearlyandstartthebusinesseducation.Althoughlevelofeducationofwomenishighermen,itseemsthatfurtherprofessionaldevelopment,careeradvancementofwomenthatismuchslower,requiringimplementationofspecificmeasurestoaccelerateit.

　　Regardingthedistributionoftheoccupationsoftheemployedpopulationin2010,themajorityofpeopleareinthegroupofoccupations"skilledworkersinagriculture,forestry,hunting,fishingandfisheries",inpercentageof24,2%,followedthegroup"Otheroccupations"asapercentageof22,6%,occupationsclusterswithfeweremployedpeopleare"Leadersofpublicauthoritiesatalllevels...",1,9%,followedbygroup"administrativeofficials"4,6%.Notethatthegroupofoccupations"specialistswithhigherqualifications"includesonly10,8%oftheemployedpersons.Also,menarepresentinagreatergroupsofoccupationsthatrequiresubstantialphysicaleffort–79,19%ofallskilledworkersinindustrial,construction,transportation,telecommunicationsetc.and58,64%ofunskilledworkers.

　　Theanalysisofdistributionofemploymentbyeducationleveloflong-termeducationmaynoticecertainchangesinthisperiod.Thus,giventhegrowthof69%intheperiod2000-2010,respectivelyfromto1.314.661people,peoplewithhighereducationcategoryoccupied"specialistwithhighereducationandscientific"variedalittlebetween68.75%and71.5%,reachingin2010,69.06%oftotalvalue.Categoryofoccupation"Farmersandworkersskilledinagriculture,forestryandfishing"postedasignificantdropintheshareofworkerswithhigherlong-termeducation,indicatingalowtechofthefieldand,therefore,theinnovationinthisbasiceconomicactivity.