完整版新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

完整版新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

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完整版新编语用学教程课后答案

Introduction

[checkyourunderstanding]

1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.

2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.

3.t

4.f

5.t

In-ClassActivities

1.ASK

（1）Yes,he’scoming.

（2）Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]

（3）HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.

2.

（1）a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.

b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing（John）.

c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.

d.“Idea”doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.

（2）a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.

b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.

c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong（outofnaughtiness）.

（3）whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".

3.

（1）a.Inanentranceofapark.

b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.

a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.

b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.

4.

（1）Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly（andtheimplicitrequestforthemtostoptalking）.

（2）Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto“my”request.

Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthat“I”can’thearaword（thusthecouplecancontinuetheirtalk）.

5.

（1）Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.

（2）讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。

6.

（1）Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcanmakethecustomer’swifejealous.The“Frenchtoast”probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.

（2）C:

你去哪里？

吃饭了没？

E:

Howareyou?

How’severythinggoing?

7.

（1）Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.

（2）Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.

（3）Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.

8.

（1）a.Heuses“that”undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.

b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.

（2）Johnny:

Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.

Mother:

WhoisPingPing?

（3）Wang:

It’snotmyfault,isit?

Li:

Yes.

-----------------

Nativespeaker:

Hi,youlookgood.

Zhang:

Notgood,notgoodatall.

ExercisesTask3.

1. whenwegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peoplewanttobepolitebymitigating（缓解,减轻,平静）theimposition,whichisface-threatening.

2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,butthesecond,thoughstillanimperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"

3.（intheoffice）

Boss:

Cometomyofficelater.

Clerk:

Yes,sir.

--------

（duringtheafternoontea）

Boss:

Howisyourdad,Tom?

Clerk:

He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.

4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecausehewasengagedwith（?

）insomethingelseinotherplaces.

5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheRye,Holden,amiddleschoolstudentalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatwayshowshisrebellion.

6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,wenotonlyimpartlinguisticinformation（phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish）butalsopragmaticinformation（appropriateuseofEnglishindynamiccontext）.Forinstance,howwecanusethequestiontag（反了？

tagquestions）tosoundmoretentativeandbepolite.

Unit1

[Checkyourunderstanding]

1.f ThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.

2.f Implicitperformativeutterancesdonothaveaperformativeverb.

3.f

4.f Thecompletionoftheperlocutionaryactrequirestheaddressee’scooperation.

5.t

In-ClassActivities

1.

（1）Ifyou’veeversaid“Ipromise”or“Iapologize”,youhaveperformedthoseactionsbythesimpleactofsayingthem.But“Iknow”and“Ibelieve”aredeclarative.Sayingthemdoesnotbringaboutanyimmediatechangeinthebelieforknowledgeofthespeaker.

（2）a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.

IadmitI’mwrong.

b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.

 Iseewhatyoumean.

（3）Yes.Forexample,whenwesay“我在这里向你道歉”，weareperformingtheactofapologizing.（?

）

2.

（1）“Afullapology”heremeansawhollyperformativeutteranceofapologylike“WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople”.Indeed,“sorry”isnotaperformativeverb.

（2）Tosomeextent,“sorry”canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.

3.

（1）Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningandrequiring.

（2）Hewantstomakehiswordssoundlikeanadviceinsteadofathreatening.

4.

（1）a.locutionaryact:

theactofverballysaying“Todayisnotafreeadmissionday”.

illocutionaryact:

itimplicitlyrequirespeopletopaytheadmissionfee.

perlocutionaryact:

peoplepaytheadmissionfee（ifatall）.

b.locutionaryact:

theactofverballysaying“Thankyouforyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport”.

illocutionaryact:

itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.

perlocutionaryact:

peopledonatemoney（ifatall）.

a' "Admissionfeerequiredtoday"

b’ "Weexpectyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport"

Thefirstischosentobelessimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’sdonation.

5.

（1）No,itisnotaverdictive.Itisjustanadvertisementfroms（a）hotelwhosenamehappenstobe“Jurys”.

（2）Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattractcustomers.

Exercises

Task3

1.

a.constative?

locution:

“Nosmokinginthisarea”.Illocution:

Forbiddingpeoplefromsmokinghere.Perlocution:

Peopledonotsmokehere.

b.constative.Locution:

“Ticketpassengersonly”.Illocution:

Askingpassengerstobuyticketsiftheywantto（enterthemuseum）.Perlocution:

Passengersbuyticketstoenterthemuseum.

c.constative.Locution:

“Tokenvendingmachine”.Illocution:

Informingthepublicofthefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:

Peoplebuytokensthroughthismachine（ifatall）.

2.

Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysofdoingthings.Thus,allutterancesare“performative”inessence.

Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB“it’sstuffyhere”.TheactualeffectmaybethatAisunderstoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjustlistentoA’scomplaint.

3.

（1）a,

（2）a,and（3）aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest“hereby”.However,in

（1）b,

（1）cand

（2）b,

（2）c,“know”,“think”,“amuse”and“flatter”arenotperformativeverbs.In（3）b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In（3）c,simplepasttenseisused.

4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,orinfluence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalorofficialjudgmentandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.

5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,nottruth-evaluable.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,theperformanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust“saying”or“describing"something（cf.Austin1962,5）.

e.g.

“Thismeetingisnowadjourned.”

“Thecourtisnowinsession.”

“Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.”批准,认可,使合法化

Unit2

[Checkyourunderstanding]

1.f Itiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.

2.f Thehearerisheldresponsible.

3.f

4.t

5.f

In-ClassActivities

1.

（1）No,theyareessentiallydirectives.

（2） “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。

”

“We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.”

（3）Becausetheyexpectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.

2.

（1）Commissives

（2）Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise（acommissive）intoarequirement（adirective）.

3.

（1）No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.

（2）a.propositionalcontentcondition（whatissaidisaboutsomethingthatthespeakerhasdonewrongly）;b.sinceritycondition（thespeakerisseriousorsincereinmakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions（e.g.thepersonwhoisapologizingshouldhavemademistakes）d.essentialcondition（bothsidesunderstandthatwhatthespeakersaysisanapology）.

Zhang:

这件事你不应这样处理的。

Li:

   好嘛，算我错了行了吧。

[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]

4.

（1）Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup（whichismeanttobeacomplaint）.

（2）Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionandthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.

Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers’face.

（3）Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer’swords,thewaitermaynottakeitseriously（ifheisnotjoking）.

5.

（1）TheroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusalsothatAndywillacceptJack’srefusalmorereadily.

Notnecessarily.Awhiteliealsodoesthesametrick.

（2）a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.

b.Denyingpeopletherighttoparkhere.

The“irrelevant”informationisused