雅思阅读考题回顾.docx
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雅思阅读考题回顾
2013年5月18日雅思阅读考题回顾
2013年5月18日雅思阅读考题回顾
来源：
朗阁培训中心 编辑：
xm 发布日期:
2013-05-27
摘要：
厦门朗阁培训中心为烤鸭们整理了5月18日雅思阅读考题回顾以及备考建议。
考试日期：
2013年5月18日
ReadingPassage1
Title:
MobilePhonesandDriving开车接电话的危害
Questiontypes:
简答题；
TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN（7题）
文章内容回顾
有四个实验，第一个实验好像是说都以为开车接电话不好，但到底有多不好还不知道，所以就有专家开始做实验，发现确实有212毫秒的误差；第二个实验是说，让实验者repeat听到的东西，发现确实情况更加糟糕；第三个实验是说如果有人跟司机交谈，会不会也造成这种情况，然后实验结果发现如果讨论的是相关话题，司机反而会全神贯注；第四个实验不太清楚。
然后最后两段讲这样做了之后的社会效应，和对开车打电话的惩罚。
英文原文阅读
Thescientificliteratureonthedangersofdrivingwhilesendingatextmessagefromamobilephone,ortextingwhiledriving,islimited.AsimulationstudyattheMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentrehasprovidedstrongevidencethatbothretrievingand,inparticular,sendingtextmessageshasadetrimentaleffectonanumberofcriticaldrivingtasks.Specifically,negativeeffectswereseenindetectingandrespondingcorrectlytoroadsigns,detectinghazards,timespentwitheyesofftheroad,and（onlyforsendingtextmessages）lateralposition.Surprisingly,meanspeed,speedvariability,lateralpositionwhenreceivingtextmessages,andfollowingdistanceshowednodifference.Aseparate,yetunreleasedsimulationstudyattheUniversityofUtahfoundasixfoldincreaseindistraction-relatedaccidentswhentexting.
Thelownumberofscientificstudiesmaybeindicativeofageneralassumptionthatiftalkingonamobilephoneincreasesrisk,thentextingalsoincreasesrisk,andprobablymoreso.MarketresearchbyPinger,acompanysellingavoice-basedalternativetotextingreportedthat89%ofU.S.adultsthinkthattextmessagingwhiledrivingis"distracting,dangerousandshouldbeoutlawed."TheAAAFoundationforTrafficSafetyhasreleasedpollingdatathatshowthat87%ofpeopleconsidertextingande-mailingwhiledrivinga"veryserious"safetythreat,almostequivalenttothe90%ofthosepolledwhoconsiderdrunkdrivingathreat.Despitetheacknowledgementofthedangersoftextingbehindthewheel,abouthalfofdrivers16to24saytheyhavetextedwhiledriving,comparedwith22percentofdrivers35to44.
Textingwhiledrivingreceivedgreaterattentioninthelate2000s,correspondingtoariseinthenumberoftextmessagesbeingsent.Overayearapproximately2,000teensdiefromtextingwhiledriving.Textingwhiledrivingattractedinterestinthemediaafterseveralhighlypublicizedcarcrasheswerecausedbytextingdrivers,includingaMay2009incidentinvolvingaBostontrolleycardriverwhocrashedwhiletextinghisgirlfriend.Textingwasblamedinthe2008Chatsworthtraincollisionwhichkilled25passengers.Investigationsrevealedthattheengineerofthattrainhadsent45textmessageswhileoperating.
OnJuly27,2009,theVirginiaTechTransportationInstitutereleasedpreliminaryfindingsoftheirstudyofdriverdistractionincommercialvehicles.Twostudies,comprisingabout200long-haultrucksdriving3millioncombinedmiles,usedvideocamerastoobservethedriversandroad;researchersobserved"4,452safety-criticalevents,whichincludescrashes,nearcrashes,crash-relevantconflicts,andunintendedlanedeviations."81%ofthesafetycriticaleventshadsometypeofdriverdistraction.Textmessaginghadthegreatestrelativerisk,withdriversbeing23timesmorelikelytoexperienceasafety-criticaleventwhentexting.Thestudyalsofoundthatdriverstypicallytaketheireyesofftheforwardroadwayforanaverageoffouroutofsixsecondswhentexting,andanaverageof4.6outofthesixsecondssurroundingsafety-criticalevents.
题型难度分析
根据考生反映，第一篇不是很难。
题型技巧分析
是非无判断题是雅思阅读考试的经典题型，首先应该注意看清是TRUE还是YES,本篇是TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN
解题步骤：
1.速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。
考点词：
比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only,most,each,any,every,thesameas等）
2.排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。
3.重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。
TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。
FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。
NOTGIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习
剑4Test1Passage1
剑5Test3Passage1
ReadingPassage2
Title:
两种蚂蚁的分类（V090711/V120428旧文）
Questiontypes:
MultipleChoice;
Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation;
DetailMatching
文章内容回顾
讲一种蚂蚁和真菌共生。
先讲它们的一些基本情况，然后说这类蚂蚁其实也有很多分类，比如说A和B,然后用一段在讲A和B的区别。
然后就有科学家做实验，因为发现了这类共生的真菌基因的独特性正在降低。
有个人做实验，但限于当时的分子生物学技术，他没有成功，但指明了一些方向。
后来人们发现共生菌有个宿敌，是某种病毒，事实上是病毒驱使共生蚂蚁和细菌成为现在这种情况的。
英文原文阅读
AntsaresocialinsectsofthefamilyFormicidae（pron.:
/f?
r?
m?
s?
di?
/）and,alongwiththerelatedwaspsandbees,belongtotheorderHymenoptera.Antsevolvedfromwasp-likeancestorsinthemid-Cretaceousperiodbetween110and130millionyearsagoanddiversifiedaftertheriseoffloweringplants.Morethan12,500outofanestimatedtotalof22,000specieshavebeenclassified.Theyareeasilyidentifiedbytheirelbowedantennaeandadistinctivenode-likestructurethatformsaslenderwaist.
Antsformcoloniesthatrangeinsizefromafewdozenpredatoryindividualslivinginsmallnaturalcavitiestohighlyorganisedcoloniesthatmayoccupylargeterritoriesandconsistofmillionsofindividuals.Largercoloniesconsistmostlyofsterilewinglessfemalesformingcastesof"workers","soldiers",orotherspecialisedgroups.Nearlyallantcoloniesalsohavesomefertilemalescalled"drones"andoneormorefertilefemalescalled"queens".Thecoloniessometimesaredescribedassuperorganismsbecausetheantsappeartooperateasaunifiedentity,collectivelyworkingtogethertosupportthecolony.
AntshavecolonisedalmosteverylandmassonEarth.TheonlyplaceslackingindigenousantsareAntarcticaandafewremoteorinhospitableislands.Antsthriveinmostecosystemsandmayform15–25%oftheterrestrialanimalbiomass.Theirsuccessinsomanyenvironmentshasbeenattributedtotheirsocialorganisationandtheirabilitytomodifyhabitats,tapresources,anddefendthemselves.Theirlongco-evolutionwithotherspecieshasledtomimetic,commensal,parasitic,andmutualisticrelationships.
Antsocietieshavedivisionoflabour,communicationbetweenindividuals,andanabilitytosolvecomplexproblems.Theseparallelswithhumansocietieshavelongbeenaninspirationandsubjectofstudy.Manyhumanculturesmakeuseofantsincuisine,medication,andrituals.Somespeciesarevaluedintheirroleasbiologicalpestcontrolagents.Theirabilitytoexploitresourcesmaybringantsintoconflictwithhumans,however,astheycandamagecropsandinvadebuildings.Somespecies,suchastheredimportedfireant,areregardedasinvasivespecies,establishingthemselvesinareaswheretheyhavebeenintroducedaccidentally.
题型难度分析
根据考生回忆，这篇文章的话题相对较为熟悉，但还是有难度。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习
剑8Test4Passage2
ReadingPassage3
Title:
决策论
Questiontypes:
Summary;
TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN
文章内容回顾
讲人们做决定的过程。
有些人认为做复杂的决定似乎看起来更靠谱，但是前期的一些理论和实验却认为某些情况下快速做出决定反而更加靠谱，因为这个好像和复杂性无关，和大脑对其的反应有关。
后来出现了一个叫Dijskra的人，一整页都在讲他的实验。
评论家认为虽然Dijskra最后的结论很反直觉，但确实有合理性，然后又扯到一些政治家在做决定的时候的事情。
英文原文阅读
Decisionmakingcanberegardedasthementalprocesses（cognitiveprocess）resultingintheselectionofacourseofactionamongseveralalternativescenarios.Everydecisionmakingprocessproducesafinalchoice.Theoutputcanbeanactionoranopinionofchoice.
Humanperformanceindecisiontermshasbeenthesubjectofactiveresearchfromseveralperspectives.
Fromapsychologicalperspective,itisnecessarytoexamineindividualdecisionsinthecontextofasetofneeds,preferencesanindividualhasandvaluestheyseek.
Fromacognitiveperspective,thedecisionmakingprocessmustberegardedasacontinuousprocessintegratedintheinteractionwiththeenvironment.
Fromanormativeperspective,theanalysisofindividualdecisionsisconcernedwiththelogicofdecisionmakingandrationalityandtheinvariantchoiceitleadsto.
Yet,atanotherlevel,itmightberegardedasaproblemsolvingactivitywhichisterminatedwhenasatisfactorysolutionisreached.Therefore,decisionmakingisareasoningoremotionalprocesswhichcanberationalorirrational,canbebasedonexplicitassumptionsortacitassumptions.Decisionsarelikelytobeinvoluntaryandfollowingthedecision,wespendtimeanalyzingthecostandbenefitsofthatdecision.Thisisknownas"RationalChoiceTheory,"whichencompassesthenotionthatwemaximizebenefitsandminimizethecosts.
Onemustkeepinmindthatmostdecisionsaremadeunconsciously.JimNightingale,AuthorofThinkSmart-ActSmart,statesthat"wesimplydecidewithoutthinkingmuchaboutthedecisionprocess."Inacontrolledenvironment,suchasaclassroom,instructorsencouragestudentstoweighprosandconsbeforemakingadecision.Howeverintherealworld,mostofourdecisionsaremadeunconsciouslyinourmindbecausefrankly,itwouldtaketoomuchtimetositdownandlisttheprosandconsofeachdecisionwemustmakeonadailybasis.[citationneeded]
Logicaldecisionmakingisanimportantpartofallscience-basedprofessions,wherespecialistsapplytheirknowledgeinagivenareatomakinginformeddecisions.Forexample,medicaldecisionmakingofteninvolvesmakingadiagnosisandselectinganappropriatetreatment.Some[which?
]researchusingnaturalisticmethodsshows,however,thatinsituationswithhighertimepressure,higherstakes,orincreasedambiguities,expertsuseintuitivedecisionmakingratherthanstructuredapproaches,followingarecognitionprimeddecisionapproachtofitasetofindicatorsintotheexpert'sexperienceandimmediatelyarriveatasatisfactorycourseofactionwithoutweighingalternatives.Recentrobustdecisioneffortshaveformallyintegrateduncertaintyintothedecisionmakingprocess.However,DecisionAnalysis,recognizedandincludeduncertaintieswithastructuredandrationallyjustifiablemethodofdecisionmaking
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