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striking
outcome,however,some
unavoidable
drawbacks
were
left
especially
some
social
problems.In
articleI
would
like
introduce
both
positive
negative
aspects
China’s
Policy.The
one
forbids
most
women
producing
more
than
survivingbaby.(Littlejohn,para.1).Sometimes,the
officials
resort
violence
enforce
thelaw.(Chen,para3).The
fines
levied
on
couples
who
violate
could
be10times
as
highas
an
annual
salary
in
China.(Goodenough,para.8).At
first,Mao
Zedong
encouraged
largefamilies
outlawed
abortion
use
contraception,urging
produceoffspring
boost
workforce
ranks
People'
s
Liberation
Army.(Ma,para.1)
In1979,the
embarked
ambitious
program
market
reformfollowing
economic
stagnation
Cultural
Revolution.At
time,China
home
aquarter
world’s
people,who
occupying
just7%of
arable
land.Two
thirds
ofthe
under
age
of30years,and
baby
boomers
the1950s
and1960swere
entering
their
reproductive
years(Hesketh,Li
Zhu,para.3)
The
saw
strict
containment
essential
reform
toan
improvement
living
standards.So
introduced.(Hesketh,Liand
Zhu,para.2)
did
benefit
whole
society
when
effect.Chineseauthorities
claim
that
prevented250to300million
births.The
total
fertility
rate,which
is
defined
mean
children
born
per
woman,decreased
from2.9in1979to1.7in2004,with
rate
of1.3in
urban
areas
just
under2.0in
rural
areas.(Hesketh,Liand
Zhu,para.6)
This
brought
China
large
working
andsmaller
which
gave
less
burden
resource,and
helpedChina
rank
its
development2nd
world.
As
coin
two
sides,this
also
resulted
many
problems
drew
sharpcritiques
abroad,especially
western
world.However,A“minimum
needed”ofone
son
daughter
implies
cohort
(TER)
of2.5,even
if
no
couple
nomore
three
children.(
Merli
Smith,para.2)
effectiveness
varied
greatly
because
regulations
aredifferentially
carried
out
by
provinces,municipalities,counties,communes,andminority
regions.The
state
had
greater
acceptance
but
far
lessrigidly
enforced
local
for
certain
national
minorities,which
canhave
second
first
female.(Chow
Zhao,para.1)
influencedthe
quality
population,for
well-educated
good
financial
condition
inurban
are
restricted
have
only
child,but
poor
able
tohave
policy’s
point
view.This
lead
higher
proportion
under-educated
enlarged
rich-poor
gap
China.
effect
sex
ratio
received
much
attention.According
thetraditional
minds
society,boys
more"
valuable"
girls
boys
deemedbe
continue
blood
families.The
at
birth,defined
ofmale
live
births
female
births,ranges
from1.03to1.07in
industrialized
countries.Sincethe
onset
policy,there
been
steady
increase
reported
ratio,from1.06in1979,to1.11in1988,to1.17in2001.There
marked
well-documentedlocal
differences,with
ratios
up
to1.3in
Anhui,Guangdong,and
Qinghai
provinces.Data
the2001National
Family
Planning
Reproductive
Health
Survey,which
wascarried
among
nationally
representative
sample
of39,600women
ageand
recent
large-scale
survey
health
fertility,show
clearly
thatthe
increased
not
confined
predominantly
China,as
previouslyassumed.There
gradient
across
birth
order:
areas,the
firstbirth
is1.05(within
normal
limits),but
rises
steeply
order.In
sexratio
is1.13for
peaks
at1.30for
decreases
thirdand
fourth
(which
rare
areas).Some
make
choice
toperform
selection
pregnancy,since
they
allowed
child.In
ruralareas,most
permitted
child,especially
female.So
ifthe
(or
subsequent)
female,the
pregnancy
often"
disappears,"
allowing
thecouple
another
attempt
son.(Hesketh,Li
Zhu,para.8)The
rapid
decrease
rate,combined
stable
or
improving
life
expectancy,hasled
elderly
people
between
elderlyparents
adult
children.In
China,the
percentage
over
of65yearswas5percent
in1982and
now
stands
at7.5percent
expected
rise
than15percent
by2025.Although
these
figures
lower
those
countries(especially
Japan,where
of65years
is20percent),a
lackof
adequate
pension
coverage
means
dependence
offspring
stillnecessary
approximately70percent
people.Pension
available
tothose
employed
sector
companies.In
China,this
problem
hasbeen
named
the"
4:
2:
1"
phenomenon,meaning
numbers
will
besolely
responsible
care
four
parents.(Hesketh,Li
Zhu,para.9)
Thecoming
aging
crisis
quite
obvious
decline
significantlyand
increase.
According
traditional
forboys
deemed
be
families.However,one-child
does
notallow
parents
child,some
chose
abandoning
girls.However,this
method
avoid
law.The
popular
abortion;
couplesgo
hospitals
examine
gender
fetus
them
choose
abort
isfemale."
Two
researchers
say
comprehensive
new
data
shows
patterns
inChina,combined
tough
population-control
measures,have
'
infanticideon
grand
scale'
-
close
to800,000baby
abandoned
killed
single
region
between1971-80alone."
(Chen,para.17-19)
Another
defect
illegal
conducts
governmental
implementing
policy;
methods
used.The
imprisonment
seizure
ofproperty
usual
events
China.Sometimes,the
toviolence
sterilization
coercion
forgovernmental
officials.(Chen,para.21)
evidence
slowing
growth,the
high
ratio,the
ofelderly
people,and
risks
associated
avoidance
medical
withunapproved
pregnancies
suggest
relaxation
desirable.Although
reaffirmed
the12th
five-year-planperiod,in2002it
announced
there
fundamental
changes
thatcertain
implementation
relaxed.In2012,couples
families
apply
giving
child.And
days,theupdated
even
allows
side
child.These
changes,together
declining
aspirations,have
reduced
(though
noteliminated)
tensions
government'
efforts
growthand
adopt
cautious
gradual
approach
relaxing
theone-child
(Hesketh,Li
Zhu,para.22).
Everything
sides.Like
any
other
policies,the
vanishing
bothpositive
effects.It
made
historical
contribution
effectively
thepopulation
scale
China,though
sometimes
rough
brutalway;
caused
unbalancing
becomingeven
over30years.Now,it
move
on,to
abandon
untimelypolicy
eliminate
negatives
future.
Works
Cited
Chen,Bo."
China'
Dilemma
Human
Rights:
Through
Perspective
Critiques
Abroad
andChina'
Response."
Journal
Politics
Law5.3(2012):
25-32.ProQuest.Web.4Nov.2013.
Chow,Esther
Ngan-ling,and
S.M.Zhao."
One-Child
Parent-Child
Relationships:
AComparison
Multiple-Child
Families
China."
InternationalJournal
Sociology
Social
Policy16.12(1996):
35-62.ProQuest.Web.5Nov.2013.Goodenough,Patrick.“The
Reality
Policy:
A
Forced
Abortion
EightMonths.”cnsnews.2010.Web.4November.2013.
Grimm,Jacob
Grimm
Wilhelm.“The
Six
Swans.”The
Brothers'
Children'
and
Household
Tales.Margaret
Taylor,1884.Web.4November.2013.
Wilhe