高中英语 高考主旨大意题解题方法 第2讲 阅读文章结构 教师版.docx

高中英语 高考主旨大意题解题方法 第2讲 阅读文章结构 教师版.docx

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高中英语高考主旨大意题解题方法第2讲阅读文章结构教师版

英语学科教师辅导教案

所属年级：

高三辅导科目：

英语

课程主题：

阅读理解技能—段落大意和全文大意

学习目标1．掌握主旨大意题的识别标志。

2.掌握解题思路和方法。

小试牛刀

（2014四川卷）

Witharound100studentsscheduledtobeinthat9amMondaymorninglecture,itisnosurprisethatalmost20peopleactuallymakeittotheclassandonly10ofthemarestillawakeafterthefirst15minutes;itisnotevenasurprisethatmostofthemarestillintheirpyjamas（睡衣）.Obviously,studentsareterribleatadjustingtheirsleepcyclestotheirdailyschedule.

Allhumanbeingspossessabodyclock.Alongwithotheralerting（警报）systems,thisgovernsthesleep/wakecycleandisthereforeoneofthemainprocesseswhichgovernsleepbehaviour.Typically,thepreferredsleep/wakecycleisdelayedinadolescents,whichleadstomanystudentsnotfeelingsleepyuntilmuchlaterintheevenings.Thistypicalsleeppatternisusuallyreferredtoasthe"nightow/"scheduleofsleep.

Thisisopposedtothe"earlybird"schedule,andisakindofdisorderwheretheindividualtendstostayupmuchpastmidnight.Suchapersonhasgreatdifficultyinwakingupinthemornings.Researchsuggeststhatnightowlsfeelmostalertandfunctionbestintheeveningsandatnight.

Researchfindingshaveshownthatabout20percentofpeoplecanbeclassifiedas"nightowls"andonly10percentcanbeclassifiedas"earlybirds"-theother70percentareinthemiddle.Althoughthisisclearlynottrueforallstudents,fortheoneswhoaretruenightowlsthisgivesthemanexcellentexcuseformissingtheirlectureswhichunfortunatelyfallbeforemidday.

Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.Functionsofthebodyclock.

B.The"nightowl"phenomenon.

C.Humanbeings'sleepbehaviour.

D.Theschoolscheduleofearlybirds".

答案:

B。

方法:

抓住高频词。

本文开头两段提到了不良睡眠模式,并将之称为"夜猫子*模式,接下来最后一段中,反复出现《夜猫子"这个词,分别描述了这类人的表现、所占的人口比例等。

题型解读

阅读理解历来都是高考英语试卷中难度最大、区分度最高的题型,它要求考生理解文章的主旨和要义;理解文中的具体信息;根据上下文推断生词的词义;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图、观点和态度等。

方法点拨　

结构题和第一讲本质上都是一类的,多出现在之前的北京卷。

虽然如此,能了解结构一定会有利于文章整体把握。

因此,要把第一讲和第二讲作为一个整体来学习。

可以从文体和结构着手。

1、文体法

记叙文:

叙事结构（起承转合,注意人物关系、作者看法）

议论文:

主张-反应（反应有:

支持、反对。

若为支持,那就是观点解释型;若为反对,就是主张反主张）:

观点论证:

提出观点、论证观点（分论点）

说明文:

1）问题解决:

对象,分层（从哪几个方面解答或解决）,（实验目的和结论）,评价

2）现象解释:

现象-分析（实验目的以及结论;对实验结论的解释）-分析影响/评论

3）事物说明:

对象,分层（从哪几个方面说明）,评价和建议）

概念:

抽象事物（学术上的）、具体事物、自然现象

4）人物及作品介绍:

介绍作品内容、评价作品优缺点-介绍作品亮点-评价

2、结构法

1）首末句照应的推进式:

段与段之间的衔接依靠上一段最后一句和下一段第一句的意思上的关联。

图式:

2）中心思想串联或总分法

段与段之间的衔接依靠全文中心思想来串联,也即在文章一开始,用一句话,一般是文章中心思想句,把下面几段要说的内容先归纳以下,犹如一根线把各段串了起来,同时在思想上让读者从一开始就对文章的发展有所了解。

图式:

3）主题句的关联

段与段之间的衔接依靠各段中的主题句思想或第一句思想的关联。

每一段第一句都是主题句,你如果把主题句单拿出来,组成一段,不知道的人很难看出它们原来不是上下联系的句子。

一般问题解决或问题原因类文章属于这种。

图式:

【例题精讲】

1（2013陕西卷）

Accordingtosociologists（社会学家）,everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification（阶层）.Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople'srankinsociety.

Classmeansaperson'seconomicpositioninsociety.Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass,middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined,theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.Onestudyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass,and1%theupperclass.Interestingly,asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!

Powerreferstotheamountofcontrolapersonhasoverotherpeople.Obviously,peopleinpositionsofgreatpower（suchasgovernors）exercise（行使）bigpower,butpeoplewhotakeordersfromothershavelesspower.Powerandclassdonotalwaysgohandinhand,however.Forexample,thegovernorofastatehasgreatpower,butheorshemaynotbelongtoacorresponding（相应的）economicclass.Generally,however,thereisarelationshipbetweenpowerandclass.Toourknowledge,therearen'ttoomanypeoplewhoaren'tmillionairesintheU.S.Senate!

Statusisthehonororrespectattachedtoaperson'spositioninsociety.Itcanalsobeaffectedbypowerandclass,butnotnecessarilyso.Forexample,auniversityprofessormayhaveahighstatusbutnotbelongtoahighsocialclassorhavealotofpoweroverothers.

Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?

答案:

A。

方法:

中心思想串联或总分法。

文章第一段总述了三个方面（class,power,status）在定义社会阶层中的重要性,第二段、第三段和第四段分别叙述了这三方面的作用,所以文章结构为“总--分”式,故A项正确。

2（2009北京卷）

HowRoomDesignsAffectOurWorkandFeelings

Architectshavelonghadthefeelingthattheplacesweliveincanaffectourthoughts,feelingsandbehaviors.Butnowscientistsaregivingthisfeelinganempirical（经验的,实证的）basis.Theyarediscoveringhowtodesignspacesthatpromotecreativity,keeppeoplefocusedandleadtorelaxation.

Researchesshowthataspectsofthephysicalenvironmentcaninfluencecreativity.In2007,JoanMeyers-LevyattheUniversityofMinnesota,reportedthattheheightofaroom'sceilingaffectshowpeoplethink.Herresearchindicatesthathigherceilingsencouragepeopletothinkmorefreely,whichmayleadthemtomakemoreabstractconnections.Lowceilings,ontheotherhand,mayinspireamoredetailedoutlook.

Inadditionstoceilingheight,theviewaffordedbyabuildingmayinfluenceanoccupant'sabilitytoconcentrate.NancyWellsandhercolleaguesatCornellUniversityfoundintheirstudythatkidswhoexperiencedthegreatestincreaseingreennessasaresultofafamilymovemadethemostgainsonastandardtestofattention.

Usingnaturetoimprovefocusofattentionoughttopayoffacademically,anditseemsto,accordingtoastudyledbyC.KennethTanner,headoftheSchoolDesign&PlanningLaboratoryattheUniversityofGeorgia.Tannerandhisteamfoundthatstudentsinclassroomswithunblockedviewsofatleast50feetoutsidethewindowhadhigherscoresontestsofvocabulary,languageartsandmathsthandidstudentswhoseclassroomsprimarilyoverlookedroadsandparkinglots.

Recentstudyonroomlightingdesignsuggeststhatdim（暗淡的）lighthelpspeopletoloosenup.Ifthatistruegenerally,keepingthelightlowduringdinneroratpartiescouldincreaserelaxation.ResearchersofHarvardMedicalSchoolalsodiscoveredthatfurniturewithroundededgescouldhelpvisitorsrelax.

Sofarscientistshavefocusedmainlyonpublicbuildings."Wehaveaverylimitednumberofstudies,sowe'realmostlookingattheproblemthroughastraw（吸管）,"architectDavidAllisonsays."Howdoyoutakeanswerstoveryspecificquestionsandmakebroad,generalizeduseofthem?

That'swhatwe'reallstrugglingwith."

Whichofthefollowingshowstheorganizationofthepassage?

答案:

C.方法:

中心思想串联或总分法。

文章第一段,总述良好的室内设计可促进人的创造性,提高注意力或让人放松。

接下来的四段分述这三个方面:

第二段阐述天花板的高度对人的创造性的影响;第三段与第四段闸述居住环境对注意力的影响:

第五段阐述室内灯光如何让人更放松。

最后一段进行了总结。

故C项正确。

3（2011安徽卷）

Thinkaboutthedifferentwaysthatpeopleusethewind.Youcanuseittoflyakiteortosailaboat.Windisoneofourcleanestandrichestpowersources（来源）,aswellasoneoftheoldest.Evidenceshowsthatwindmills（风车）begantobeusedinancientIranbackintheseventhcenturyBC.TheywerefirstintroducedtoEuropeduringthe1100s,whenarmiesreturnedfromtheMiddleEastwithknowledgeofusingwindpower.

Formanycenturies,peopleusedwindmillstogrind（磨碎）wheatintoflourorpumpwaterfromdeepunderground.Whenelectricitywasdiscoveredinthelater1800s,peoplelivinginremoteareasbegantousethemtoproduceelectricity.Thisallowedthemtohaveelectriclightsandradio.However,bythe1940swhenelectricitywasavailabletopeopleinalmostallareasoftheUnitedStates,windmillswererarelyused.

Duringthe1970s,peoplestartedbecomingconcernedaboutthepollutionthatiscreatedwhencoalandgasareburnedtoproduceelectricity.Peoplealsorealizedthatthesupplyofcoalandgaswouldnotlastforever.Then,windwasrediscovered,thoughitmeanshighercosts.Today,thereisaglobalmovementtosupplymoreandmoreofourelectricitythroughtheuseofwind.

Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?

A.Theadvantagesofwindpower.

B.Thedesignofwindpowerplants.

C.Theworldwidemovementtosaveenergy.

D.Theglobaltrendtowardsproducingpowerfromwind.

答案:

D。

方法:

后续段落看未段末句。

文章最后一段最后一句提到如今全世界都趋向于利用风能提供越来越多的电。

由此推断,文章的后续段落可能要论述风能在全球的开发利用趋势,故D项正确。

【巩固练习】

1（2016北京卷）

WhyCollegeIsNotHome

Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy（自主性）andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.

Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.

Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves"tryingon"newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually（在思维方面）andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide"safespaces"withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpress23opinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.

Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity（群体）differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonad