雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析最新版文档格式.docx

雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析最新版文档格式.docx

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B

Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showinghoweasyitistogivepeopleanintellectualboost,Isendivideddoctorsmakingatrickydiagnosisintothreegroups:

onereceivedcandy,onereadhumanisticstatementsaboutmedicine,onewasacontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.InspiredbyIsenandothers,Seligmangotstuckin.Heraisedmillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150scientistsacrosstheworld.Fourpositivepsychologycentresopened,decoratedincheerfulcoloursandfurnishedwithsofasandbaby-sitters.Therewereget-togethersonMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandeatfajitas,thenform"

pods"

todiscusssubjectssuchaswonderandawe.Athousandtherapistswerecoachedinthenewscience.

C

Butcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatisthepointofdefininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?

Aren'

ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?

Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemssuchasfamine,floodandepidemicdepressiontobesolved?

Seligmanknowshisworkcanbebelittledalongsidetritenotionssuchas"

thepowerofpositivethinking"

.Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"

onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"

istomakesureitisanchoredtopositivephilosophyabove,andtopositivebiologybelow.

D

Andthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.HomosapiensevolvedduringthePleistoceneera（1.8mto10,000yearsago）,atimeofhardshipandturmoil.ItwastheIceAge,andourancestorsenduredlongfreezesasglaciersformed,thenferociousfloodsastheicemassesmelted.Wesharedtheplanetwithterrifyingcreaturessuchasmammoths,elephant-sizedgroundslothsandsabre-toothedcats.ButbytheendofthePleistocene,alltheseanimalswereextinct.Humans,ontheotherhand,hadevolvedlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencetomakefireandsophisticatedtools,todeveloptalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintoapersistentmould.ProfessorSeligmansays:

"

Becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain.Thewaythebrainworksislookingforwhat'

swrong.Theproblemis,thatworkedinthePleistoceneera.Itfavouredyou,butitdoesn'

tworkinthemodemworld."

E

Althoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Experimentsshowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccesses.Wedwellonwhatwentbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fouranger,fear,disgustandsadnessarenegativeandonlyone,joy,ispositive.Thesixth,surprise,ispsychologistDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlecturers,thenegativeemotionseachtellus"

somethingbadhashappened"

andsuggestadifferentcourseofaction.

F

Whatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?

Andisthereabiologyofjoy?

AtIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedwhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimagesabirdcoveredinoil,oradeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Theabilitytofeelnegativeemotionsderivesfromanancientdanger-recognitionsystemformedearlyinthebrain'

sevolution.Thepre-frontalcortex,whichregistershappiness,isthepartusedforhigherthinking,anareathatevolvedlaterinhumanhistory.

G

Ourdifficulty,accordingtoDanielNettle,isthatthebrainsystemsforlikingandwantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwoancientregionstheamygdalaandthenucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopaminetoformthebrain'

srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandinaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallyavailablepartners,toreceiveelectricalstimulationofthe"

wanting"

partsofthebrain.Buthavingreceivedbrainstimulation,therateatsmorebutshowsnosignofenjoyingthefooditcraved.Inhumans,adruglikenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure.

H

Inessence,whatthebiologylessontellsusisthatnegativeemotionsarefundamentaltothehumancondition,andifsnowondertheyaredifficulttoeradicate.Atthesametime,byatrickofnature,ourbrainsaredesignedtocravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness.

Question14-20

ThereadingpassagehassevenparagraphsA-H.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

WritethecorrectletterA-H,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.

14Anexperimentinvolvingdividingseveralgroupsoneofwhichreceivedpositiveicon

15Reviewofapoorlyresearchedpsychologyarea

16Contrastbeingmadeaboutthebrain’sactionasresponsetopositiveornegativestimulus

17Theskepticalattitudetowardtheresearchseemedtobeawasteoffund

18asubstancethatproducesmuchwantinginsteadofmuchliking

19aconclusionthatlastinghappinessarehardlyobtainedbecauseofthenatureofbrains

20Onedescriptionthatlistedthehumanemotionalcategories

Question21-25

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanfourwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes21-25onyouranswersheet.

Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologystudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.ProfessorAlicedivideddoctors,makingatrickyexperiment,intothreegroups:

besidetheonecontrolgroup,theothertwoeitherareaskedtoreadhumanisticstatementsaboutdrugs,orreceived…21...Thelatterdisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.Sincecriticsarequestioningthesignificanceofthe…22…forbothlevelsofhappinessandclassificationforthevirtues.ProfessorSeligmancounteredinanevolutionaltheory:

survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintothewayofthinkingforwhat'

swrongbecausewehavea…23…

Thereisbountifulofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplybuiltinthehumanpsyche.Later,atIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedtheactivepartsinbrainstocontrastwhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whenpositiveimageslike…24…areshown,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimage,theresponsecomesfrom…25…ofthebrain.

Question26

Writeyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswersheet.

Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,CorD.

AccordingtoDanielNettleinthelasttwoparagraphs,whatistrueasthescientistscantellusabouthappiness

ABrainsystemsalwaysmixlikingandwantingtogether.

BNegativeemotionscanbeeasilyridofifwethinkpositively.

CHappinessislikenicotinewearecravingforbutgetlittlepleasure.

DTheinnermechanismofhumanbrainsdoesnotassistustoachievedurablehappiness.