英语学习 Infinitive.ppt

英语学习 Infinitive.ppt

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Infinitive,Theysayapersonneedsjustthreethingstobetrulyhappyinthisworldsomeonetolove,somethingtodoandsomethingtohopefor.,不定式的作用

（一）：

做主语,不定式放在句首作主语Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.犯错人皆难免，宽恕则属超凡。

Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.因为被爱而爱，是人之常情；因为爱而爱，责难能可贵（超凡脱俗）。

不定式放在句末作主语,“Itis+adj.+todo”结构Bushsremarks:

Educationisthebestanti-crimeprogram.Itsimportanttoenforcelaw.Itsimportanttoholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.Itisimportanttohaveconsistentpolicythatsays,ifyouharmsomebody,therewillbeapunishmentforthatharm.,Itsimportanttoenforcelaw.=Toenforcelawisimportant.Itsimportanttoholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.=Toholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.,Itisimportanttohaveconsistentpolicythatsays,ifyouharmsomebody,therewillbeapunishmentforthatharm.=Tohaveconsistentpolicyisimportantthatsays,It作形式主语，放在句首，而将真正的主语不定式（短语）放在句子后面，构成了“It+todo”这样的句型。

CanyoupointouttherealSubjectofthefollowingsentence?

Itiseasyforthegrowingnumberof“Chinawatchers”throughtheworld,enthralledbytherapidemergenceofafront-rankingeconomicpowersettingnewdevelopmentrecordswitheachpassingyear,tooverlookthefactthatthepasthalf-centuryhasbeenanunusualdifficulttimeinwhichtoperformsuchfeats.,其他结构IttakestimeandefforttomasterEnglish.=TomasterEnglishneedstimeandeffort.ItismydutytohelpyouwithyourEnglish.=TohelpyouwithyourEnglishismyduty.,不定式的作用

（二）：

作宾语,结构一：

动词+todoIhopetoseeyouagain.Thiscompanyrefusedtocooperatewithus.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.不定式可以直接跟在一个及物动词后面作宾语，这时句子有以下两个特点：

1）句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语是一致的，即两个动词所表示的动作都是由全句主语发出的；2）这时句子的谓语动词多是描写态度，不定式的动词则说明行为。

英语中常需要接不定式作宾语的动词有：

afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,consent,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse.,结构二：

动词+疑问词+todoIwonderwhotoinvite.Idontknowwhethertoanswerhisletter.Showuswhattodo.Whereveryouareinlife,yourhabitsdetermine95%ofyourthoughts,feelingandactions.Thisbookshowsyouhowtodevelopthelifelonghabitsforgreatsuccess.类似的动词有：

ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,结构三：

动词+it+宾语补足语+todoIthinkithardtoanswerthequestioninonego.Hefeelsitchallengingtobeamarketingsupervisor.,在“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”这样的结构中，如果宾语由一个不定式充当，此时的不定式不能直接放在谓语动词后面，而需要变成这样的结构：

“动词+it+宾语补足语+todo”,也就是说此时作宾语的不定式被后置了，放在了宾语补足语的后面，而用it作形式宾语放在谓语后面作宾语。

不定式作用（三）：

作宾语补足语,动词+宾语+todoTheydontallowpeopletosmokeinthetheater.Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingtobeover.Allowmetoproposeatoasttoourfriendship!

不定式的作用（四）：

作定语,Heisthebestmantochoose.Howtounderstandortranslatethissentence?

主谓关系：

由他来做出选择是最好的。

动宾关系：

他是最佳的人选。

Ihavealettertowrite.Ineedapentowrite.Ineedsomepapertowrite.Lookatthesentencesabove,andtrytofindoutwhethertheywerewrittencorrectlyornot?

Andhowtocorrectthem?

名词+todo重点：

作定语的不定式与被修饰名词之间的各种逻辑关系，有助于对句子的理解和翻译。

因不定式是由小品词to后面接一个动词而构成的，这是一个短语形式，而短语作名词的定语时都要置于名词的后面，即构成后置定语。

故此，不定式作定语都要放在被修饰名词的后面。

宾语关系,不定式中的动词的宾语Igavethekidacomictoread.Wehadalongjourneytomakebeforenightfall.不定式中的介词的宾语Shehasfourchildrentotakecareof.Ihadnoplacetolivein.,主语关系,ThemantohelpyouisMr.Johnson.Haveyougotakeytounlockthisdoor?

Idontthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.,同位语关系,Hisrefusaltoco-operatemakesusangry.Ihavenowishtochange.Herreluctancetoaccepthisinvitationupsethim.所谓同位语关系，就是指不定式短语的内容是对被修饰的名词作进一步补充说明，因此名词与不定式短语之间构成同为说明的关系。

不是所有的名词与不定式连用都表示同位语关系，常见的名词有：

arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,resolution,tendency,threat,wish等等。

状语关系,方式状语关系RoleplayingisasafeandenjoyablewaytolearnEnglish.Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:

oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.时间状语关系ThetimetogoisJuly.,地点状语关系AgoodplacetoeatistheSichuanrestaurantaroundthecorner.,不定式的作用（五）：

作状语,1）目的状语Idclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyoursmile.Idswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.Idrunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.Toacquireknowledge,onemuststudy;buttoacquirewisdom,onemustobserve.Dontavoidtheproblem.Tosucceed,youhavetotackleyourdifficulties.,结果状语：

1）onlytodoWehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthetrainhadjustleft.Alltoooften,womencomplainthattheyreeducatedasequals,onlytogooutintotheworkforcetobetreatedasinferiors.,2）soastodo/suchastodoHerstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.Heissoindifferentastomakeeveryonedespair.Shehadsuchagoodfriendastohelpherwhenshewasintrouble.,3）enoughtodoMonkeyhuntersuseaboxwithanopeningatthetop,bigenoughforthemonkeytoslideitshandin.4）tootodoTheteaistoohottodrink.Theboxistooheavyformetoevenmove.,5）条件状语Thefatherwillbeproudforhissontowinthegoldmedal.=Thefatherwillbeproudifhissonwinsthegoldmedal.6）原因状语Theylaughedtoseetheclown.=Theylaughedastheysawtheclown.,不定式作用（六）：

独立使用的不定式,不定式可以作独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，常见的有:

tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak,tobebrief/exact/frank/honest,tosaynothing,tosaytheleast等等。

Tobeginwith,onbehalfofallofyourAmericanguests,Iwishtothankyoufortheincomparablehospitality.Tomakealongstoryshort,heisinhospitalnow.,成份分析,AsMarkTwainsaid,itisbettertodeserveanhonorandnothaveitthantohaveitandnotdeserveit.Becausedignityisnotinpossessingbutdeserving.Itisbettertolosehonorablythantosucceedwithdishonesty.Losinghonorablymaysignifylackofpreparationbutdishonestwinningsignifieslackofcharacter.（主语）,Everyreaderfindshimself.Thewritersworkismerelyakindofopticalinstrumentthatmakesitpossibleforthereadertodiscernwhat,withoutthisbook,hewouldperhapsneverhaveseeninhimself.（宾语）Thereareover100nightschoolinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobere-educatednomatterwhathedoes.（宾语）,ThereisstillgoodavailabilityofsomeofthehottesttoysthisChristmas,butwestilladviseparentsandshopperstogettostoresasearlyaspossiblenextweek.（宾补）Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.（宾补）,Ineedtobuyanoutfitforthegymtoexercisein.（定语，宾语关系）ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.（定语，主语关系）Clintwasthesecondpersontofallintothistrap.（定语，主语关系）,Theireagernesstohelppleasedme.（定语，同位语关系）Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjecttolookat,touse,totouch,butnottolistentoortotakeseriously.（定语，宾语关系）,Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.（目的状语，定语，同位语关系）,AccordingtotheChinesetraditionoftheWaterSplashingFestival,themorewateryoupouroversomeonethemoreluckyougivethem.Sowegaveeachotheragoodfewhoursofhairsoakingandeye-reddeninglucktoremembereachotherby.（定语,宾语关系）介词by联系不定式toremembereachother和名词luck,相当于toremembereachotherbythisluck.,A:

Youreinprettylousymood,huh?

B:

Tosaytheleast.（独立结构）Tomakealongstoryshort,heisinhospitalnow.（独立结构）,不定式的作用（八）：

形容词+todo,重点：

弄清楚不定式的逻辑语义关系。

也就是“句子主语”与todo的关系。

Heisinterestingtolistento.Howtotranslatethissentence?

Heisinterestingtolistento.=Itisinterestingtolistentohim.OrTolistentohimisinteresting.,Heiseasytofool.他很容易被骗。

Heisafraidtobefooled.他很害怕被骗。

Heiseasytoplease.他很容易被取悦。

Heiseagertoplease.他很喜欢取悦别人。

宾语关系,Heiseasytofool.=Itiseasytofoolhim.Tofoolhimiseasy.表层结构上He作句子的主语，但深层结构真正的主语是tofoolhim这件事，he在深层结构上作fool的宾语。

Heiseasytoplease.Heisdifficulttounderstand.Sheisverynicetotalkto.Maryiseasytogetonwith.Englishisdifficulttospeak.Thebreadishardtobake.,主语关系,Heiskindtohelpus.这里He既是谓语iskind的主语，同时也是不定式tohelpus的逻辑主语，所以句子主语与不定式动词构成“主语关系”。

=Itiskindofhimtohelpus.OrHeissokindastohelpus.,Thebookisinterestingtobuy.Thefoodisreadytoeat.Thewateriswarmtoswimin.Thedormistoonoisytostudyin.,Youarefoolishtospendsomuch.=Itisfoolishofyoutospendsomuch.OrYouaresofoolishastospendsomuch.Scottisverygeneroustobealwaysinvitingusoutformeals.,Heisgladtohelpus.这里He既是谓语isglad的主语，同时也是不定式tohelpus的逻辑主语，所以句子主语与不定式动词构成“主语关系”。

Heisslowtoreact.=Hereactsslowly.,不定式的时态、语态,e.g.Hewantssomephotographstobetaken.Iwanttheseletterstobetypedatonce.Imsorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.HehappenedtobesingingintheroomwhenIcameinthismorning.TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.,省去to的不定式,最常见的不定式需要省略to的情况是出现在某些动词的宾语补足语中：

see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,havee.g.Themothermakeshersonplaytheviolinthreehoursaday.Theteacherletsuswriteacompositioneveryweek.,在donothing/anything/everythingbutdo句型中：

e.g.Ihavenothingtodobutwait.Hewilldoanythingbutgivein.Allyoudoissitandwatchtelevisionandcomplainabouthowtiredyouare.在why（not）+do句子中e.g.Whypaytoseethatmovie,sinceyoucanseeitonTVfornothing?

在一些短语结构中：

hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbute.g.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.在morethan,ratherthan,otherthan,than后面加不带to的不定式e.g.Teachersdomuchmorethanimpartknowledge.Theyareforcesyounglives.,Thankyou,