考研英语一真题.docx

考研英语一真题.docx

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考研英语一真题

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语

（一）试题及答案

考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It

_____

（1）inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen_____

（2）startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But_____（3）agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe_____（4）ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe_____（5）thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor_____（6）thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat_____（7）measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand_____（8）thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople_____（9）highermeasuresofabdominalfat_____（10）worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears_____（11）.

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe_____（12）tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe_____（13）Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould_____（14）thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent_____（15）formenandwomen.

_____（16）therearestepsyoucan_____（17）tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental_____（18）.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour_____（19）ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style_____（20）thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.【题干】1._____

【选项】

A.pauses

B.return

C.peaks

D.fades

2.【题干】2._____

【选项】

A.alternatively

B.formally

C.accidentally

D.generally

3.【题干】3._____

【选项】

A.while

B.since

C.once

D.until

4.【题干】4._____

【选项】

A.detection

B.accumulation

C.consumption

D.separation

5.【题干】5._____

【选项】

A.possibility

B.decision

C.goal

D.requirement

6.【题干】6._____

【选项】

A.delay

B.ensure

C.seek

D.utilize

7.【题干】7._____

【选项】

A.modify

B.supported

C.included

D.predicted

8.【题干】8._____

【选项】

A.devoted

B.compared

C.converted

D.applied

9.【题干】9._____

【选项】

A.with

B.above

C.by

D.against

10.【题干】10._____

【选项】

A.above

B.managed

C.scored

D.played

11.【题干】11._____

【选项】

A.ranout

B.setoff

C.drewin

D.wentby

12.【题干】12._____

【选项】

A.superior

B.attributable

C.parallel

D.resistant

13.【题干】13._____

【选项】

A.restored

B.isolated

C.involved

D.controlled

14.【题干】14._____

【选项】

A.alter

B.spread

C.remove

D.explain

15.【题干】15._____

【选项】

A.compensations

B.symptoms

C.demands

D.treatments

16.【题干】16._____

【选项】

A.Likewise

B.Meanwhile

C.Therefore

D.Instead

17.【题干】17._____

【选项】

A.change

B.watch

C.count

D.take

18.【题干】18._____

【选项】

A.well-being

B.process

C.formation

D.coordination

19.【题干】19._____

【选项】

A.level

B.love

C.knowledge

D.space

20.【题干】20._____

【选项】

A.design

B.routine

C.diet

D.prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?

Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:

everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?

EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares_____.

【选项】

A.willeasetrainoperation's'burden.

B.haskeptpacewithinflation.

C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.

D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor_____.

【选项】

A.cardrivers

B.railtravellers

C.localinvestors

D.ordinarytaxpayers

23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators_____.

【选项】

A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.

B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.

C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_____.

【选项】

A.thelossofinvestment.

B.thecollapseofoperations.

C.areductionofrevenue

D.achangeofownership.

25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

【选项】

A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

C.CanNationalizationBringHope?

D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,"Ferrarosays.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.

26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_____.

【选项】

A.facilitatehealthcarereform.

B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

C.improvelocaleducationsystems.

D.lowerdeforestationrates.

27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_____.

【选项】

A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajo