地震问题史上最全整理.docx

地震问题史上最全整理.docx

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地震问题史上最全整理

大地震中救援行动中最重要的是什么

Theessentialpartoftacklingadeadlyearthquakeisinfactthedistributionofresourcesandreliefforces.First,rationalallocationcanensureanefficientresponseduringthe"goldenrescueperiod"inthefirst72hoursafterthequake..Second,distributingtheneededmaterialsontimecankeeporderandpreventsocialpanic,sothatwecanputalloureffortintorescuinglives.Third,inefficientallocationwillleadtothewasteofresources.Therefore,inordertomaximizethereliefefforts,thegovernmentshouldsetupacentralplatformtocollect,classifyanddistributereliefmaterialsandintegratedifferentforces.Forinstance,theplatformcanshareinformationabouthowmanylifedetectorsandlargecuttingmachinesdowehave,wherearethemostneedyareasandwherecanwegetthisequipment?

"Inthisway,thereactioncanbemuchmoreefficientandcoordinated.

志愿者或非政府组织在救援中的不足

TheearthquakeinSichuandrewalotofpubliccompassion.Peoplefromallwalksoflifetriedtoshowtheirsupportbyvolunteeringanddonating.Butmostofthesepeopledon’trealizeisthatspontaneousvolunteerswithoutspecifictrainingandnoaffiliationcanactuallycausemoreproblems.First,untrainedandunpreparedvolunteersflockedtoearthquake-strickenareacausingunnecessaryjams,whichwillmakeitharderforheavymachinerytobetransported.Second,asdisasterreliefmaterialsarescarce,unpreparedvolunteersmaytakeupresourcesinsteadofhelping.Third,unpreparedvolunteerssometimesdonotknowhowtoprotectthemselveswhenaftershockshappen.Asforindividualvolunteerswithgreatenthusiasm,itisbetterforthemtogivehelpinghandsaftertheemergencyduringthevictimresettlementperiodandpost-disasterreconstruction

捐赠透明quakedonationstransparency

存在的问题：

ayoungwomannamed"GuoMeimei"claimingtoworkforanorganizationundertheRCSCflauntedherlavishlifestyleonhermicroblog,promotingthepublictoquestionwhethertheorganization'sfundshadbeenembezzledormisused.

怎么解决：

Donorswanttoknowhowtheirmoneyisused.Somealsowanttoknowwhotheyhavehelped.First,organizingdonationdrivesforthequake-hitareasshouldpublicizeinformationabouttheiractivitiesanddonationincomesinaccordancewithexistingregulations.Second,websitesshouldbethemajorchannelsforsuchinformation,whichshouldbeavailableforinquiryoveralongperiodoftime.Third,donationsshouldbeusedinaccordancewithdonors'wishesaswellasthedemandsoftherescueandreliefworkandreconstructionprojects.

在汶川地震后，在地震灾难（芦山、玉树）中救援的改进

Experiencegainedfromthe2008WenchuanquakehasbeensharedintheLushanquakerelief.First,Emergencyresponsewasinitiatedwithinonehourafterthequake.Second,rescuerscommandedmoreadvancedequipment,suchashelicopters,transportplanes,unmannedplanes,theBeidouNavigationSatelliteSystemandlifedetectioninstruments,whichhasassistedthereliefwork.Third,domesticmediaandtheInternetkeptupdatingthelatestquake-relatedcoverage,andnewsconferenceswereorganizedefficientlysoastopreventsocialpanicandallowreliefgoodstobequicklysenttotheneedy.Fourth,volunteers,touristsandothersnottrainedasrescuerswereaskedtostayoutofthedisasterarea.Thecalmerandmorerationalreliefworkhasreflectedthecountry'seconomicandsocialprogress.

地震中的如何有效信息共享

First,domesticmediaandtheInternetshouldupdatethelatestquake-relatedcoverage,andnewsconferencesshouldbeorganizedefficientlysoastopreventsocialpanicandallowreliefgoodstobequicklysenttotheneedy.Second,peoplecanresorttoInternet-basedmediatools,suchasTencent'sWeixin,aninstantmessagingcellphonesoftware,orWeibo,forpersonalizedinformationaboutthequakeortosearchfortheirmissingrelativesandfriends.Third,thosewhostartedorspreadquake-relatedrumorsontheInternetweresoondiscoveredandcondemnedbynetizens.

你认为这次地震给中国最大的教训是什么？

Chinaneedsstrongerstepstopromotepublicpreparednessandearlywarningsystemsfornaturaldisasters.Theearthquakeshowedwewereill-preparedforpotentialhazards,manypeopledidnotknowhowtoreacttotheearthquakeandperformproperfirstaid.Thecountryshouldstarteducationcampaignstopublicizeknowledgeondisasterpreventionandemergencyrescue.First,thegovernmentcandistributebooksandhandoutsonconstructionguidelines,evacuationplans,landslidepreventionandcontrolofthepestsafterdisastersinseismicallyactiveareas.Second,strengthentrainingondisasterpreventioninschools.Itwillbeeffectiveforsuchknowledgetobeaddedintoschoolcourses.Third,buildanationwideinformationnetworktomobilizethepublictomonitorandreportpotentialdisasterstolocalgovernments.

如何加强地震预警？

Somedevastationisavoidable.Buteffectivepublicmonitoringandearlywarningsystemtoalertpeopletorisksfromearthquakescouldsavemanylives.First,buildanationwideinformationnetworktomobilizethepublictomonitorandreportpotentialdisasterstolocalgovernments.Second,alackofcoordinationamongdepartmentssometimesdiminishedefficiency.Socentralgovernmentshouldbuildanintegratedinformationnetworksothateverystaffmembercanhelpmonitordisasters.Lastbutnotleast,earthquakeforecastingsystemshouldbeestablishedwithhightechnology,whichmayleadtobetterpredictionsofearthquakes.

Oneproblemwithearly-warningsystemsisthattheyrequiremanysensorsdistributedoverawidegeographicarea;thegreaterthenumberofsensors,themoreprecisethecalculationofthequake’sepicenterandmagnitude,andtheearlierthewarning.

国际救援

OverseasChinese,regardlessoftheirgenderorage,alsoextendedprofoundsympathiesandprovidedvaluableassistancetotheirmotherland.Theyrushedtomakecharitabledonations,includingcashandgoods,anddidalltheycouldtohelpthevictimsoftheearthquake.ForeignrescueandmedicalteamsfromcountrieslikeRussia,Japan,SouthKoreaandSingaporejoinedtheirChinesecounterpartsandworkedwiththemsidebysideinrescueoperationsindefianceofthedangerscausedbythefrequentaftershocks.TheirhumanitarianspiritandprofessionalismdeeplytouchedtheChinesepeople,whichgavethemconfidenceandnewhope.Thisfaithandpowerwillcontinuetoconvergeandencouragemankindtofaceuptoavarietyofchallengesforthesakeofalong-lastingpeaceful,prosperousandharmoniousworld.

Japanhasthemostadvancedearthquakeearly-warningsystemintheworld;itlaunchedasystemthatdeliversearthquakewarningsviamassmedia,includingtelevisionandtheInternet.Japanhadlongusedasystemspecificallygearedtonotifyingandslowingdownitsbullettrains;thenewsystemisintendedtoenablecountermeasuresbythegeneralpublic,includingclearingoutelevators,takingcoverunderdesks,ormovingawayfromrockywalls.Afewseconds’warningcouldalsosavelivesonconstructionsites,allowing,forexample,workerstogripgirdersormovecranestosaferpositions.TaiwanandMexicoaredevelopingsimilarsystems;sevenoreightothercountriesareresearchingthem.

中国与国外救援的不同

IntheUS,forexample,governmentsusuallyofferaframeworkandplaytheinstructors'role,whilesocialorganizationsandnon-governmentalorganizations（NGOs）takeuptherebuildingtask.ThingsinChinaaredifferent.InChina,governmentsatalllevelshavetocoordinateandcombinetheireffortsforpost-disasterreconstruction.Theadministrationthushastoleadtherescueandreliefoperationsandreconstructionactivities.

地震后灾区人民最需要怎么做/最需要的是什么

Withlittlebelongingsleftaftertheearthquake,manyofthemhadtostartfromscratch.Manyofthemknowtheyshouldcomeoutoftheirshell,letgothepastpainsandmoveon.Buttheirheartsrefuse.Theymustfirstacceptrealityandcuretheirowntrauma.Wewillhelpthem,buttheyshouldprepareforanewlife.

地震学习到的经验

China'sexperienceinSichuanoffersmanylessons.

First,earlymeasurestorestoresocialservicesandlivelihoodshelppreventfurthercrisesandacceleratefuturedevelopment.Disasterresponsestrategiesneedtobridgethegapbetweeninitialemergencyreliefandthelonger-termchallengeofreconstruction.Second,recoverystrategiesneedtotargetthepoorestandmostvulnerablegroups,whichareoftenthehardesttoreachandatmostriskofexclusionfromrecoveryprocesses.Third,recoveryismosteffectivewhenastronggovernmentresponseismatchedbycommunityparticipation.InSichuan,civilorganizationsplayedanunprecedentedandinstrumentalroleintherecoveryprocess,demonstratingthatordinarypeoplecansavelivesandrestorethedignityofthosemostinneed.

Finally,complexemergenciesbenefitfrominternationalsupportandexpertise,eveninhighlycapablecountrieslikeChina.InWencuan,China'sdecisiontorequestandfacilitateinternationalemergencyreliefandlonger-termsupportenhancedthepaceandqualityofrecovery.

非政府组织/民间公益组织在救援中的作用

It'sunrealisticforthegovernmenttotakecareofeverything.Somethingmayseeminsignificant,buttheyarewhatNGOsaregoodat.Nongovernmentalorganizationscanperformavarietyofservicesandhumanitarianfunctions,bringpublicconcernstogovernments,monitorpolicyimplementation,andencourageparticipationofcivilsocietystakeholdersatthecommunitylevel.NGOscannotonlyprovideinitialhelptoearthquake-strickencountriesbutalsotomakelong-rangeplanstomaintainthem.Forexample,Robust,well-preparedbusinessescanbringresources,expertiseandinformationtotherecoveryprocess,creatingjobsandstrengtheninglocaleconomies.

Wenchuanhastaughtusthatovercomingcatastropherequiresvis