最新地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

最新地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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最新地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献

地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献

地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献

　　　　　　　　　　中英文对照外文翻译　　　　（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）　　DeepExcavations　　　　　　ABSTRACT：

Allmajortopicsinthedesignofin-situretainingsystemsfordeepexcavationsinurbanareasareoutlined.Typeofwall,water　　relatedproblemsandwaterpressures,lateralearthpressures,typeofsupport,solutiontoearthretainingwalls,typesoffailure,internalandexternalstabilityproblems.　　KEYWORDS:

deepexcavation;retainingwall;earthpressure;　　　　INTRODUCTION　　Numbersofdeepexcavationpitsincitycentersareincreasingeveryyear.Buildings,streetssurroundingexcavationlocationsanddesignofverydeepbasementsmakeexcavationsformidableprojects.Thischapterhasbeenorganizedinsuchawaythatsubjectsrelatedtodeepexcavationprojectsaresummarizedinseveralsectionsintheorderofdesignroutine.Thesearetypesofin-situwalls,waterpressuresandwaterrelatedproblems.Earthpressuresincohesionlessandcohesivesoilsarepresentedintwodifferentcategories.Groundanchors,strutsandnailsassupportingelementsareexplained.Anchorsaregivenmoreemphasiscomparedtoothersduetowidespreaduseobservedintherecentyears.Stabilityofretainingsystemsarediscussedas　　internalandexternalstability.Solutionofwallsforshears,moments,displacementsandsupportreactionsunderearthandwaterpressuresareobtainedmakinguseofdifferentmethodsofanalysis.Apilewallsupportedbyanchorsissolvedbythreemethodsandtheresultsarecompared.Typeofwallfailures,observedwallmovementsandinstrumentationofdeepexcavationprojectsaresummarized.　　　　1.TYPESOFEARTHRETAININGWALLS　　Introduction　　　　Morethanseveraltypesofin-situwallsareusedtosupportexcavations.Thecriteriafortheselectionoftypeofwallaresizeofexcavation,groundconditions,groundwaterlevel,verticalandhorizontaldisplacementsofadjacentgroundandlimitationsofvariousstructures,availabilityofconstruction,cost,speedofworkandothers.Oneofthemaindecisionsisthewater-tightnessofwall.Thefollowingtypesofin-situwallswillbesummarizedbelow;　　1.Bracedwalls,soldierpileandlaggingwalls2.Sheet-pilingorsheetpilewalls　　3.Pilewalls（contiguous,secant）　　4.Diaphragmwallsorslurrytrenchwalls　　5.Reinforcedconcrete（cast-in-situorprefabricated）retainingwalls　　6.Soilnailwalls　　7.Cofferdams　　8.Jet-groutanddeepmixedwalls　　9.Top-downconstruction　　10.Partialexcavationorislandmethod　　BracedWalls　　Excavationproceedsstepbystepafterplacementofsoldierpilesorsocalledkingpostsaroundtheexcavationatabout2to3mintervals.These　　maybesteelH,IorWFsections.Railsectionsandtimberarealsoused.Ateachlevelhorizontalwalingbeamsandsupportingelements（struts,anchors,　　　　nails）areconstructed.Soldierpilesaredrivenorcommonlyplacedinboredholesinurbanareas,andtimberlaggingisplacedbetweensoldierpilesduringtheexcavation.Variousdetailsofplacementoflaggingareavailable,however,precastunits,in-situconcreteorshotcretemayalsobeusedasalternativetotimber.Dependingongroundconditionsnolaggingmaybeprovidedinrelativelyshallowpits.　　Historicallybracedwallsarestrutsupported.Theyhadbeenusedextensivelybeforethegroundanchortechnologywasdevelopedin1970s.Soilswithsomecohesionandwithoutwatertableareusuallysuitableforthis　　typeofconstructionordewateringisaccompaniedifrequiredandallowed.Strutsupportiscommonlypreferredinnarrowexcavationsforpipelayingorsimilarworksbutalsousedindeepandlargeexcavations（SeeFig）.Groundanchorsupportisincreasinglyusedandpreferredduetoaccessforconstructionworksandmachinery.Walingbeamsmaybeusedoranchorsmaybeplaceddirectlyonsoldierpileswithoutanybeams.　　Sheet-pilingorSheetPileWalls　　Sheetpileisathinsteelsection（7-30mmthick）400-500mmwide.ItismanufacturedindifferentlengthsandshapeslikeU,Zandstraightlinesections（Fig.）.Thereareinterlockingwatertightgroovesatthesides,andtheyaredrivenintosoilbyhammeringorvibrating.Theiruseisoften　　restrictedinurbanizedareasduetoenvironmentalproblemslikenoiseandvibrations.Newgenerationhammersgenerateminimumvibrationand　　　　disturbance,andstaticpushingofsectionshavebeenrecentlypossible.Insoftgroundseveralsectionsmaybedrivenusingatemplate.Theendproductisawatertightsteelwallinsoil.Oneside（inner）ofwallisexcavatedstepbystepandsupportisgivenbystrutsoranchor.Walingbeams（walers）arefrequentlyused.Theyareusuallyconstructedinwaterbearingsoils.　　Steelsheetpilesarethemostcommonbutsometimesreinforcedconcreteprecastsheetpilesectionsarepreferredinsoftsoilsifdrivingdifficultiesarenotexpected.Steelpilesmayalsoencounterdrivingdifficultiesinverydense,stiffsoilsorinsoilswithboulders.Jettingmaybe　　accompaniedduringtheprocesstoeasepenetration.Steelsheetpilesectionsusedinsuchdifficultdrivingconditionsareselectedaccordingtothedrivingresistanceratherthanthedesignmomentsintheproject.Anotherfrequently　　facedproblemistheflawsininterlockingduringdrivingwhichresultinleakagesunderwatertable.Sheetpilewallsarecommonlyusedfortemporarypurposesbutpermanentcasesarealsoabundant.Intemporary　　workssectionsareextractedaftertheirserviceisover,andtheyarereusedaftermaintenance.Thisprocessmaynotbesuitableindenseurbanenvironment.　　PileWalls　　In-situpileretainingwallsareverypopularduetotheiravailabilityandpracticability.Therearedifferenttypesofpilewalls（Fig.）.Incontiguous（intermittent）boredpileconstruction,spacingbetweenthepilesisgreater

　　　　　　　　thanthediameterofpiles.Spacingisdecidedbasedontypeofsoilandlevelofdesignmomentsbutitshouldnotbetoolarge,otherwisepiecesoflumpsetc.dropandextraprecautionsareneeded.Cohesivesoilsorsoilshavingsomecohesionaresuitable.Nowatertableshouldbepresent.Acceptableamountofwateriscollectedatthebaseandpumpedout.Commondiametersare,,m.Walingbeams（usuallycalled?

breastingbeams）areTangentpileswithgroutinginbetweenareusedwhensecantpilingordiaphragmwallingequipmentisnotavailable（incaseswheregroundwaterexists）.Poorworkmanshipcreatessignificantproblems.　　Secantboredpilewallsareformedbykeepingspacingofpileslessthandiameter（S　　Thereisalsoneedforplacefortheplant.Itmaybeconstructed“hard-hard”aswellas“soft-hard”.“Soft”concretepilecontainslowcementcontent　　andsomebentonite.Primaryunreinforcedpilesareconstructedfirstandthen　　reinforcedsecondarypilesareformedbycuttingtheprimarypiles.Pile　　constructionmethodsmayvaryindifferentcountriesforalltypeofpilewallslikefullcasingsupport,bentonitesupport,continuousflightauger（CFA）etc.　　mostlyreinforcedconcretebutsheetpilesectionsorsteelbeamsarealsoused.　　DiaphragmWalls　　　　Diaphragmwallprovidesstructuralsupportandwatertightness.Itisaclassicaltechniqueformanydeepexcavationprojects,largecivilengineering　　works,undergroundcarparks,metropitsetc.especiallyunderwatertable.Thesereinforcedconcretediaphragm（continuous）wallsarealsocalledslurrytrenchwallsduetothereferencegiventotheconstructiontechniquewhere　　excavationofwallismadepossiblebyfillingandkeepingthewallcavityfullwithbentonite-watermixtureduringexcavationtopreventcollapseoftheexcavatedverticalsurfaces.Wallthicknessvariesbetweenmandm.　　Thewallisconstructedpanelbypanelinfulllengthsare2mto10m.Shortlengths（m）areselectedinunstablesoilsorunderveryhighsurcharges.Nowadaysdepthofpanelswaterstopsexceeded100m,　　excavationdepthsexceeded50m.DifferentpanelshapesotherthantheconventionalstraightsectionlikeT,L,H,Y,+arepossibletoformandusedforspecialpurposes.Panelexcavationismadebycableorkellysupported　　bucketsandbyarecentdesigncalled?

cutteror?

hydrofraisewhichisapairofhydraulicallyoperatedrotatingdisksprovidedwithhardcuttingtools.Excavationinrockispossible.Slurrywalltechniqueisaspecialized　　techniqueandapartfromthebucketortheframecarryingthecutterequipmentlikecrawlercrane,pumps,tanks,desandingequipment,airlifts,screens,cyclones,silos,mixers,extractorareneeded.Tremieconcreteis　　placedintheslurrystartingfromthebottomafterloweringreinforcement　　　　cages.Jointbetweenthepanelsisasignificantdetailinwaterbearingsoilsandsteelpipe,H-beamorwaterstopsareused.　　ReinforcedConcreteRetainingWallsExcavationinStagesItisacommontypeofstagedexcavationwallusuallysupportedbygroundanchors.Soilswithsomecohesionaresuitablebecauseeachstageisfirstexcavatedbeforeformworkandconcreteplacement.Nowatertableorappreciableamountofwatershouldbepresent.Sometimesmicropilesupportisgivenifrequiredduetoexpectedcave-ins.　　　　SoilNailWalls　　Similartothemethodaboveexcavationismadestepbystep（to2mhigh）.Shotcreteiscommonforfacingandwiremeshisused.Softfacingisalsopossiblemakinguseofgeotextiles.Holeisdrilled,ordinarysteelbarsarelowered,andgroutisplacedwithoutanypressure.Soilshouldbesomewhatcohesiveandnowatertableorsignificantwaterflowshouldbepresent.　　Cofferdams　　Cofferdamisatemporaryearthretainingstructuretobeabletomakeexcavationforconstructionactivities.Itisusuallypreferredinthecoastaland　　seaenvironme